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"The Accelerating Galaxies"

January 23, 2008 by donzzz

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What is the mysterious force causing the galaxies to accelerate?

Back in the Feb. 27, 98 issue of the journal of ‘SCIENCE’ reported, a team of astronomers were suprised to discover that the galaxies are actually accelerating. This was completely unexpected since they thought they would find them coasting or slowing. Dr. Riess of Berkeley said to the effect, there is nothing to account for this acceleration except possibly, Einstein’s "cosmological constant" (which Einstein himself, ultimately rejected). The cosmologists finally came up with a mysterious replusive "dark energy" force that is pushing the galaxies outward away from each other.

Dr Riess was not quite correct in his conclusion. There is another way to account for the apparent acceleration of the galaxies. It confirmed my ideas that the galaxies are falling toward the border of the universe powered by a ‘Super Attractive Force’ located there. Chapter 17 entitled, “The Falling Galaxies Theory”, in the “The Mind of Mankind”, published in 1996, explains just why the galaxies are falling (accelerating) toward the boundary of a finite non-expanding universe.

There must be some sort of force causing this acceleration! My theory is based on the idea that the galaxies are accelerating (falling) toward the border caused by a Super Attractive Force (similar to, but not gravity.) In this theory there is no need for a Big Bang to start the Universe. This Super Attractive Force is the force that powers the universe and working with inertia creates the mass/energy/gravity of matter as the galaxies slowly accelerate toward the border and away from each other, in space.

The physical laws of nature (inertia, gravity, etc.) created the universe and determined the extent of the universe. Neither matter or energy can exist beyond these laws - nothing can exist without the Laws of Nature. Stars could not form nor radiate their tremendous power without these laws. Either the laws go on forever or at some distance they cease to exist, (the universe is either infinite or finite). I say the universe is finite, at some distance the laws cease to exist. This is where the universe ends - the boundary of the universe.

The universe is shaped like a hollow sphere with all its physical laws, matter and energy contained within the sphere. Beyond the border of the sphere (the outer circumference of the sphere) the laws of the universe (inertia, gravity, etc.) no longer exert their influence to guide and govern, matter and energy. Beyond this border, the laws of the universe (nature) do not exist, therefore no matter or energy can exist, there is no gravity or inertia. Space itself does not exist.

Don Hamilton

http://novan.com/mind.htm "The Mind of Mankind"
http://novan.com

Comments

Re3: "The Accelerating Galaxies"

January 28, 2008 by Burt, 1 year 43 weeks ago
Comment: 27195

Fred wrote: "I still wonder whether we are making an incorrect assumption about treating the measurements of the distant supernovas as "standard candles." If I remember correctly, there have been one or two recent observations of supernova events that didn't follow the rule because of some peculiarity in the star system involved. "

The supernovae used for determining the acceleration parameter are of type SN1a. There may be two subtypes of SN1a, but that should be easy to detect. The other point is that there are many other observations, including WMAP, that do not use SN1a for determining the expansion curve and they tend to agree on the matter/dark energy mix. All methods are however somewhat model dependent. So if the Lambda-Cold-Dark-Matter (LCDM) model is wrong, who knows?

There are rival ideas that try to eliminate dark energy totally, or at least partially, but they have a difficult time fitting all observations to their models.

Regards,

Burt Jordaan (www.Relativity-4-Engineers.com)

Re2: "The Accelerating Galaxies"

January 23, 2008 by Fred Bortz, 1 year 44 weeks ago
Comment: 27121

Although I don't dispute the viability of the proposal that dark energy exists, I still have not bought into the idea completely.

I still wonder whether we are making an incorrect assumption about treating the measurements of the distant supernovas as "standard candles." If I remember correctly, there have been one or two recent observations of supernova events that didn't follow the rule because of some peculiarity in the star system involved.

Could it be that it much earlier times, that peculiarity was more the rule, and so the calculated distance based on brightness is wrong and the expansion is actually uniform and probably decelerating (not accelerated by dark energy) as Hubble conjectured?

By the way, Einstein introduced the cosmological constant to make a non-expanding, non-contracting universe possible. But then Hubble's observations showed an apparently uniformly expanding universe, and Einstein declared the cosmological constant his greatest mistake.

With the discovery of dark energy, Einstein probably would have called his greatest mistake the rejection of the cosmological constant.

I discuss this in my book Physics: Decade by Decade, part of the Facts on File Twentieth-Century Science set.

Like Burt, I am inclined to attribute the acceleration, if it exists, to something within the observable universe rather than something external. The cosmological constant is certainly a reasonable possibility.

Don usually ends up connecting things like this to a supernatural entity in some form. Thus I am wary about where he will take us if we ride along. Because I tend to waste too much time with threads like this, I will now move to the sidelines and let others go further (barring questions/comments specifically address to me).

Fred Bortz -- Science and technology books for young readers (www.fredbortz.com) and Science book reviews (www.scienceshelf.com)

Re: "The Accelerating Galaxies"

January 23, 2008 by Burt, 1 year 44 weeks ago
Comment: 27120

Don, you may actually be right! Why? Because there is little difference between a mysterious repulse force 'within' and a mysterious attractive force 'on the outside'.

I said "little difference", but not "no difference", e.g., there are at least some plausible theories for the mechanism behind the repulse force within. Do you have a plausible theory for the mechanism behind the attractive force on the outside?

Regards,

Burt Jordaan (www.Relativity-4-Engineers.com)

Re: The Accelerating Galaxies

January 29, 2008 by donzzz, 1 year 43 weeks ago
Comment: 27232

The super attractive force at the border (not outside the border) is one laws of nature such as inertia and gravity, etc.. Like inertia it needs no mechanism to justify its existence. We know it exists only by the effects it produces. The astronomers recently discovered evidence that the galaxies are accelerating (falling) outward either because of the expansion of space or by an attractive force located at the edge of the universe.

I feel the falling galaxies make more sense then an ever expanding universe. The non-expanding universe is a perpetual universe with the falling galaxies being absorbed at the border and replaced by new matter toward the central region. This process would go on forever with no end. Both theories require a creation process, either space or matter is constantly being created. In both theories the universe is finite, one is expanding and one is not.

In the finite non-expanding universe no beginning or end is required, it just goes on forever. It is a complete perpetual system. The Big Bang theory is an evolutionary system starting with an explosive expansion from a singularity (what ever that is?) and evolving through different stages throughout its lifetime, finally ending in cold chaos.

One of the features of the falling galaxies is: as galaxies accelerate they become more massive, they are creating more and more mass as they accelerate toward the border. (A proton becomes more massive as it accelerates in a cyclotron. As the proton approaches the speed of light it keeps emitting synchronous radiation which reduces its mass. This is just what the stars are doing, this is why they shine). They are giving off tremendous amounts of radiation to keep from reaching the speed of light.) The stars are not in danger of running out of fuel, their nucleons are constantly becoming more massive as they accelerate toward the border and they are radiating this energy off into space to get rid of the excess mass.

Donald Hamilton

Ref: "The MIND of Mankind", Chapter 17 - The Falling Galaxies
http://novan.com/mind.htm



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