New research from the University of Virginia Health System could help explain why some alcoholics are more severe drinkers than others. A UVA team has found strong evidence that the serotonin transporter gene, SLC6A4, plays a significant role in influencing drinking intensity among alcohol-dependent individuals.
The study, published in the February 2009 issue of Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research, analyzed the associations between six different DNA sequence variations, or single nucleotide polymorphisms, of the serotonin transporter gene with the levels of drinking intensity among 275 alcohol-dependent individuals seeking treatment. Drinking intensity is measured by the amount a person consumes each day he or she drinks.
"Of the six variants examined in the study, we found that one variant at the 3' end of the gene showed a significant association with drinking intensity," says study co-author Ming D. Li, Ph.D., professor of psychiatry and neurobehavioral sciences in the UVA School of Medicine. "Specifically, we found that individuals with the 'G' allele of this variant drink less than individuals with the ‘T' allele."
Previous studies have shown that the neurochemical serotonin mediates the rewarding effects of alcohol and, therefore, may be a key contributor leading to alcohol abuse. Studies also show that the brain's serotonin system plays an important role in alcohol preference and consumption.
"Acute drinking increases serotonin release and signaling in brain regions involved in controlling consumption of alcohol," explains study co-author Professor Bankole Johnson, D.Sc., M.D., Ph.D., M.Phil., FRCPsych., chairman of the Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences in the UVA School of Medicine. "But chronic drinking reduces serotonergic function, leading to a serotonin-deficient state. One hypothesis is that alcoholics drink to alleviate this serotonin-deficient state.
"But it's important to remember that alcoholics differ significantly in their drinking patterns, social backgrounds and disease etiology," says Johnson. "All of these factors may affect both treatment outcomes and medical complications resulting from heavy drinking."
One of the main goals of treatment, Johnson points out, is to reduce the intensity of drinking. "A known genetic marker could be used to sub-type alcoholics and better determine treatment methods that can target specific underlying molecular mechanisms. We hope to determine whether this particular genetic variant can be used as a marker to predict treatment outcomes for different serotonin agents," says Johnson.
http://www.healthsystem.virginia.edu/internet/news/archives09/serotonin_...
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Alcohol Treatment
February 28, 2009 by miun, 38 weeks 5 days ago
Comment: 34917
Alcohol rehab treatment program are a final destination for drug and alcohol addicted people. This treatment program can help in recovering drug user’s behavior problem and find the true imbalances that are the results of causing unstable emotions and depression.
http://www.addiction-treatments.com/
Einstein Nemesisi # 2
February 5, 2009 by Anonymous, 41 weeks 6 days ago
Comment: 34301
Einstein Nemesis # 2: As Camelpardis Apsidal motion Puzzle solution: By Joe Nahhas
The Physics Problem that Einstein Harvard MIT Cal-Tech Stanford and NASA and all other 100,000 Space-time Physicists could not solve by space-time Physics including 109 years of Nobel Prize winner Physics and physicists and 400 years of astronomy and dedicated to: National Philosophy Alliance Members and DRS KH. F.Khailullin and V.S. Kozyreva of Moscow University Who posted this motion Puzzle in 1983 as not solvable by any Physics and still posted as motion puzzle on Smithsonian-NASA website SAO/NASA. And it is the most studied motion puzzle in all of Physics.
Universal Mechanics Solution: For 350 years Physicists Astronomers and Mathematicians missed Kepler's time dependent equation introduced here and transformed Newton's equation into a time dependent Newton' equation and together these two equations explain Quantum - Relativistic effects; it combines classical mechanics and quantum mechanics into one mechanics and explains "relativistic" effects as the difference between time dependent measurements and time independent measurements of moving objects and in practice it amounts to "Visual" effects.
All there is in the Universe is objects of mass m moving in space (x, y, z) at a location
r = r (x, y, z). The state of any object in the Universe can be expressed as the product
S = m r; State = mass x location:
P = d S/d t = m (d r/dt) + (dm/dt) r = Total moment
= change of location + change of mass
= m v + m' r; v = velocity = d r/d t; m' = mass change rate
F = d P/d t = d²S/dt² = Total force
= m(d²r/dt²) +2(dm/dt)(d r/d t) + (d²m/dt²)r
= m? + 2m'v +m"r; ? = acceleration; m'' = mass acceleration rate
In polar coordinates system
r = r r(1) ;v = r' r(1) + r ?' ?(1) ; ? = (r" - r?'²)r(1) + (2r'?' + r?")?(1)
F = m[(r"-r?'²)r(1) + (2r'?' + r?")?(1)] + 2m'[r'r(1) + r?'?(1)] + (m"r) r(1)
= [d²(mr)/dt² - (mr)?'²]r(1) + (1/mr)[d(m²r²?')/dt]?(1) = [-GmM/r²]r(1)
d²(mr)/dt² - (mr)?'² = -GmM/r² Newton's Gravitational Equation (1)
d(m²r²?')/dt = 0 Central force law (2)
(2) : d(m²r²?')/d t = 0 <==> m²r²?' = [m²(?,0)?²(0,t)][ r²(?,0)?²(0,t)][?'(?, t)]
= [m²(?,t)][r²(?,t)][?'(?,t)]
= [m²(?,0)][r²(?,0)][?'(?,0)]
= [m²(?,0)]h(?,0);h(?,0)=[r²(?,0)][?'(?,0)]
= H (0, 0) = m² (0, 0) h (0, 0)
= m² (0, 0) r² (0, 0) ?'(0, 0)
m = m (?, 0) ? (0, t) = m (?, 0) Exp [? (m) + ì ? (m)] t; Exp = Exponential
? (0, t) = Exp [ ? (m) + ? ? (m)]t
r = r(?,0) ?(0, t) = r(?,0) Exp [?(r) + ì ?(r)]t
?(0, t) = Exp [?(r) + ? ? (r)]t
?'(?, t) = {H(0, 0)/[m²(?,0) r(?,0)]}Exp{-2{[?(m) + ?(r)]t + ì [?(m) + ?(r)]t}} ------I
Kepler's time dependent equation that Physicists Astrophysicists and Mathematicians missed for 350 years that is going to demolish Einstein's space-jail of time
?'(0,t) = ?'(0,0) Exp{-2{[?(m) + ?(r)]t + ?[?(m) + ?(r)]t}}
(1): d² (m r)/dt² - (m r) ?'² = -GmM/r² = -Gm³M/m²r²
d² (m r)/dt² - (m r) ?'² = -Gm³ (?, 0) ?³ (0, t) M/ (m²r²)
Let m r =1/u
d (m r)/d t = -u'/u² = -(1/u²)(?')d u/d ? = (- ?'/u²)d u/d ? = -H d u/d ?
d²(m r)/dt² = -H?'d²u/d?² = - Hu²[d²u/d?²]
-Hu² [d²u/d?²] -(1/u)(Hu²)² = -Gm³(?,0)?³(0,t)Mu²
[d²u/ d?²] + u = Gm³(?,0)?³(0,t)M/H²
t = 0; ?³ (0, 0) = 1
u = Gm³(?,0)M/H² + Acos? =Gm(?,0)M(?,0)/h²(?,0)
mr = 1/u = 1/[Gm(?,0)M(?,0)/h(?,0) + Acos?]
= [h²/Gm(?,0)M(?,0)]/{1 + [Ah²/Gm(?,0)M(?,0)][cos?]}
= [h²/Gm(?,0)M(?,0)]/(1 + ?cos?)
mr = [a(1-?²)/(1+?cos?)]m(?,0)
r(?,0) = [a(1-?²)/(1+?cos?)] m r = m(?, t) r(?, t)
= m(?,0)?(0,t)r(?,0)?(0,t)
r(?,t) = [a(1-?²)/(1+?cos?)]{Exp[?(r)+?(r)]t} Newton's time dependent Equation --------II
If ? (m) ? 0 fixed mass and ?(r) ? 0 fixed orbit; then
?'(0,t) = ?'(0,0) Exp{-2ì[?(m) + ?(r)]t}
r(?, t) = r(?,0) r(0,t) = [a(1-?²)/(1+?cos?)] Exp[i ? (r)t]
m = m(?,0) Exp[i ?(m)t] = m(0,0) Exp [? ?(m) t] ; m(0,0)
?'(0,t) = ?'(0, 0) Exp {-2ì[?(m) + ?(r)]t}
?'(0,0)=h(0,0)/r²(0,0)=2?ab/Ta²(1-?)²
= 2?a² [? (1-?²)]/T a² (1-?) ²; ?'(0, 0) = 2? [? (1-?²)]/T (1-?) ²
?'(0,t) = {2?[?(1-?²)]/T(1-?)²}Exp{-2[?(m) + ?(r)]t
?'(0,t) = {2?[?(1-?²)]/(1-?)²}{cos 2[?(m) + ?(r)]t - ? sin 2[?(m) + ?(r)]t}
?'(0,t) = ?'(0,0) {1- 2sin² [?(m) + ?(r)]t - ? 2isin [?(m) + ?(r)]t cos [?(m) + ?(r)]t}
?'(0,t) = ?'(0,0){1 - 2[sin ?(m)t cos ?(r)t + cos ?(m) sin ?(r) t]²}
- 2? ?'(0, 0) sin [? (m) + ?(r)] t cos [? (m) + ?(r)] t
? ? (0, t) = Real ? ? (0, t) + Imaginary ? ? (0.t)
Real ? ? (0, t) = ?'(0, 0) {1 - 2[sin ? (m) t cos ?(r) t + cos ? (m)t sin ?(r)t]²}
W(ob) = Real ? ? (0, t) - ?'(0, 0) = - 2 ?'(0, 0){(v°/c)? [1-(v*/c) ²] + (v*/c)? [1- (v°/c) ²]}²
v ° = spin velocity; v* = orbital velocity; v°/c = sin ? (m)t; v*/c = cos ? (r) t
v°/c << 1; (v°/c)² ? 0; v*/c << 1; (v*/c)² ? 0
W (ob) = - 2[2? ? (1-?²)/T (1-?) ²] [(v° + v*)/c] ²
W (ob) = (- 4? /T) {[? (1-?²)]/ (1-?) ²} [(v° + v*)/c] ² radians
W (ob) = (-720/T) {[? (1-?²)]/ (1-?) ²} [(v° + v*)/c] ² degrees; Multiplication by 180/?
W° (ob) = (-720x36526/T) {[? (1-?²)]/ (1-?) ²} [(v°+ v*)/c] ² degrees/100 years
The circumference of an ellipse: 2?a (1 - ?²/4 + 3/16(?²)²- --.) ? 2?a (1-?²/4); R =a (1-?²/4)
v (m) = ? [GM²/ (m + M) a (1-?²/4)]
v (M) = ? [Gm² / (m + M)a(1-?²/4)]
As Camelopardis Apsidal motion solution:
v° = v°(m) + v°(M) = 70 km/sec
v* = 2v(cm) + ? =
2[m v(m) + M v(M)]/(m + M) + ?{{[v(m)-v(cm)]² + [v(M)-v(cm)]²}/2} = 346km/sec
W° = 14.6°/century
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