Treating women who are infected with both the HSV-2 and HIV viruses with anti-herpes treatment can reduce the amount of HIV in the blood and genital secretions, according to the results of a trial published today in the New England Journal of Medicine.
A collaborative group of scientists from the Centre Muraz (Burkina Faso), the University of Montpellier (France) and the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (UK) carried out the trial among women co-infected with the human immuno-deficiency virus (HIV) and the virus that causes genital herpes (HSV-2) in Burkina Faso. The results showed that having the herpes virus increased the replication of HIV, and also revealed that the quantity of HIV in the blood and in the vagina was reduced by continuous anti-herpes treatment over 3 months.
These findings open new avenues for the prevention of HIV transmission and for the management of patients co-infected by the two viruses.
In 2005, an estimated 4.1 million people were newly infected with HIV, mostly through heterosexual intercourse1. This alarming number of infections highlights the urgent need to intensify and expand proven prevention methods, and further, to identify and implement new methods of HIV prevention.
A number of observational studies have indicated that HSV-2 enhances the risk of HIV-1 acquisition by around three-fold2. HSV-2 infection may also increase HIV-1 infectiousness by disrupting the genital mucosa and increasing the levels of HIV in the genital tract3, allowing easier transmissibility of the virus. In addition, the HIV viral load in the blood of HIV-1 infected patients increases, at least temporarily, during episodes of HSV reactivation.
Lead author Dr. Nicolas Nagot, of the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), explains: ‘Behavioural interventions are not always successful, as knowledge does not necessarily translate into sexual behaviour change. Therefore, innovative methods that target the biological susceptibility of individuals to acquire or transmit HIV are also required. A number of options to prevent HIV transmission are currently being investigated, including the role of vaginal microbicides, pre-exposure HIV prophylaxis, male circumcision, and – in the future – an HIV vaccine.’
‘The results of the trial are striking’, he adds. ‘They show that valacyclovir significantly reduces the frequency and quantity of HIV detectable in genital secretions and, in addition, reduces the quantity of HIV in the plasma. As expected, there was also dramatic reduction in the detection of symptomatic and asymptomatic presence of HSV-2. The effects appeared to gradually increase over the 3 month follow-up period, with no sign of abating.’
These results indicate a new way to possibly reduce the sexual transmission of HIV from already infected individuals to their partners, since the frequency and quantity of HIV in the female genital tract are closely related to the transmission of the virus.
The findings will need to be confirmed by further research, and there is already a large ongoing trial that is measuring direct transmission of HIV between discordant couples in several sites worldwide.
Dr Philippe Mayaud, one of Dr Nagot’s colleagues at the LSHTM concludes: ‘Our results have important potential implications for public health and clinical practice, as HSV-2 control could become a new form of HIV prevention targeting HIV-infected individuals, as well as providing clinical benefits. Importantly, an HSV vaccine that would either prevent HSV infection or diminish the clinical and sub-clinical manifestations of HSV with a similar efficacy on HIV as HSV suppressive therapy, would represent a long-lasting form of HIV prevention. The development and evaluation of an HSV vaccine should rank high on the international research agenda.’
Gareth Thomas, UK Minister for International Development, whose department DFID has provided supplementary funding for the research, said: “These exciting initial findings demonstrate why research into reducing HIV/ AIDS transmission is such a vital element of the fight against the disease. The UK Government has pledged to spend £1.5 billion tackling HIV/AIDS in developing countries between 2005 and 2008. We will follow the next stages of this research with interest.”
For further information, or to contact any of the study authors, please contact:
Philippe Mayaud, Clinical Research Unit, Department of Infectious & Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT; tel 207 927 2291; email: [email protected]
Notes to Editors:
1. Herpes simplex virus type-2 (HSV-2), a sexually transmitted virus, is one of the most common pathogens worldwide4. HSV-2 is a lifelong infection and is found in nearly 80% of HIV-infected patients. Once acquired, the virus cycles between latency (hidden in nerves), asymptomatic genital excretion of the virus (‘shedding’), and clinical reactivations that can produce painful ulcers in and around the genitalia. The herpes virus can be targeted by specific HSV-2 antiviral drugs such as acyclovir, valacyclovir or famciclovir, which are relatively affordable medications with few side effects, and to which the herpes virus rarely becomes resistant. These drugs are effective in preventing the recurrence of disease and in curbing the transmission of HSV-2 from infected to uninfected partners5.
2. In 2001, an international workshop organised by WHO, UNAIDS and LSHTM called for randomised controlled trials of HSV-2 therapy to definitely establish a causal relationship between HSV-2 and HIV-1 infectivity and acquisition6. We have now completed the first two randomised placebo-controlled trials of herpes suppressive treatment (with valacyclovir at a dose of 500 mg twice daily for 3 months) among HIV-infected individuals. The studies were conducted in Burkina Faso among women who were dually seropositive for HIV and HSV-2. In the first trial (ANRS1285a) published in today’s issue of the New England Journal of Medicine7, we report on the impact of HSV suppressive treatment on plasma and genital HIV-1 levels among women who did not require ART and who did not require a treatment for their HSV infection (they had less than 6 episodes per year). In the companion trial (ANRS1285b), which has been published recently in AIDS8, we reported the impact of herpes suppressive therapy on plasma and genital HIV-1 levels among women who were taking highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART).
The ANRS 1285b trial was conducted among 60 women who had been taking HAART for at least 4 months. This trial showed that valacyclovir had an additional impact on the residual shedding of HIV-1 despite good systemic control of the virus. This supports an effect of HSV-2 on independent mucosal HIV-1 replication – an important contribution to the HSV/HIV co-activation hypothesis.
Note on funding and sponsorship
This research was sponsored by France’s Agence Nationale de Recherches sur le Sida et les Hepatites (ANRS), with supplementary financial support from the United Kingdom’s Department for International Development (DFID).
The ANRS, created in 1992 to specifically respond to the many scientific challenges posed by the extension of the HIV/AIDS pandemic, coordinates research activities that span several disciplines from fundamental research, to clinical research, public health and socio-anthropological research.
DFID has been funding research on HIV/AIDS through a series of research programmes formerly called ‘Knowledge Programmes’ and currently ‘Research Programme Consortia’. The purpose of the current LSHTM-based Consortium on Sexual and Reproductive Health and HIV is to strengthen the evidence base to enable policy makers to identify and prioritise interventions that will improve reproductive and sexual health and reduce HIV incidence among economically poor populations in Africa and Asia; and to ensure that the research results are made available to policy makers at national and international levels in an intelligible and relevant form.
Footnotes:
1 – UNAIDS. 2006 Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic. Geneva, 2006.
2 – We have published several accounts of worldwide epidemiology: e.g. Weiss HA. Herpes 2004; 11:24A-35A; Cowan FM, et al. Sex Transm Infect 2003; 79; 286-290.
3 – Corey L, et al. N Engl J Med. 2004; 350(1): 11-20.
4 – Meta-analysis performed by our group: Freeman EE, et al. AIDS 2006; 20: 73-83.
5 – Several accounts of this in our work: eg. Mbopi-Keou F-X, et al. J Infect Dis 2000; 182: 1090-6.
6 – World Health Organisation. Herpes simplex virus type 2: Programmatic and research priorities in developing countries. Report of a WHO/UNAIDS/LSHTM workshop (London, 14-16 February 2001). Document WHO/HIV AIDS/2001.05. Geneva: WHO, 2001.
7 – Nicolas Nagot, Abdoulaye Ouedraogo, Vincent Foulongne, Issouf Konate, Helen A. Weiss, Laurence Vergne, Marie-Christine Defer, Didier Djagbare, Anselme Sanon, Jean-Baptiste Andonaba, Pierre Becquart, Michel Segondy, Roselyne Vallo, Adrien Sawadogo, Philippe Van de Perre, and Philippe Mayaud for the ANRS 1285 Study Group. Reduction of HIV-1 RNA Levels with Therapy to Suppress Herpes Simplex Virus. New Engl J Med 2007;356 (8): 790-9.
8 – Abdoulaye Ouedraogo, Nicolas Nagot, Laurence Vergne, Issouf Konate, Helen A. Weiss, Marie-Christine Defer, Vincent Foulongne, Anselme Sanon, Jean-Baptiste Andonaba, Michel Segondy, Philippe Mayaud and Philippe Van de Perre. Impact of suppressive herpes therapy on genital HIV-1 RNA among women taking antiretroviral therapy: a randomized controlled trial. AIDS 2006; 20: 2305-13.