Buildings built according to federal design criteria to be able to withstand earthquakes may not be able to survive the effects of explosions from bombs small enough to be carried by a terrorist, Penn State researchers have found.From the Penn State:Concerns Raised Over Safety Criteria for Blast Resistance
November 6, 2002
University Park, Pa. – Buildings built according to federal design criteria to be able to withstand earthquakes may not be able to survive the effects of explosions from bombs small enough to be carried by a terrorist, Penn State Protective Technology Center (PTC) researchers have found.
Dr. Theodor Krauthammer, PTC director and study leader, says, “Our analyses show that three dimensional structural steel welded connections designed to resist the effects of earthquakes may fail when subjected to small bomb blasts even when the structure is based on recommended design procedures.”
The steel design specifications, known as the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) 350 or the Seismic Recommended Design Criteria for New Steel Moment-Framed Buildings, were issued after recent earthquakes in the U.S. highlighted weaknesses in the design and construction of steel connections.
“Important design modifications were introduced into these seismic design guidelines following the assessments of earthquake performance,” Krauthammer explains. “Now, our preliminary study has produced findings that raise concerns about the safety of using the modified structural steel connections for blast resistance.”
He presented his findings Wednesday, Nov. 6, at the First Annual Congress on Infrastructure Security for the Built Environment meeting in Washington, D. C. His paper, co-authored with current and former graduate students, is “Three Dimensional Steel Frame Connections Under Blast Loads.”
The research team used computer simulations and numerical studies that had been validated to insure that they can reproduce real-world behavior. The test model was a hypothetical one-story frame steel structure in a multi-story building with corner connections, cross section members and columns sized to resist earthquake conditions. The internal blast simulated, approximately, a small 25-pound bomb, the range of explosive capable of being carried by a terrorist.
The rotation produced by the blast at the structure’s connections is typically used to assess structural damage. The Penn State team’s analysis showed that all the connections exhibited very large rotations or outright failure, indicating that all such connections could be expected to fail.
The Penn State engineer says, “The failure is localized in the vicinity of the explosion. However, the local failure could compromise the stability of the entire multi-story building if it triggers progressive collapse.
“Our on-going studies are aimed at addressing the issues raised during this investigation, including consideration of progressive collapse of multi-story buildings,” Krauthammer adds.
Support for this study came from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.