Scientists at USC have developed a new tool to modify brain activity and memory in targeted ways, without the help of any drugs or chemicals.
The GFE3 protein may help researchers map the brain’s connections and better understand how inhibitory synapses modulate brain function, said lead author Don Arnold, a professor of biological sciences at the USC Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences.
It also may enable them to control neural activity and lead to advancements in research for diseases or conditions ranging from schizophrenia to cocaine addiction, Arnold said.
The new tool is a protein that carries a death sentence for synaptic proteins in specific cells. The protein can be encoded in animal genomes to effectively switch off their inhibitory synapses — connections between neurons — thus, increasing their electrical activity.
“GFE3 harnesses a little known and remarkable property of proteins within the brain,” Arnold said.
Hijacking the process
The protein takes advantage of an intrinsic process — the brain’s cycle of degrading and replacing proteins. Most brain proteins last only a couple of days before they are actively degraded and replaced by new proteins. GFE3 targets proteins that hold inhibitory synapses together to this degradation system and as a result, the synapses fall apart.
“Rather than a cell deciding when a protein needs to be degraded, we sort of hijack the process,” Arnold said.
For the study published in the journal Nature Methods, the team of scientists studied the protein’s effect in both mice and zebrafish. The researchers found that GFE3 protein triggered the neurons on the two sides of the spine to work in opposition, generating uncoordinated movements.
Previously, drugs could be used to inhibit inhibitory synapses in the brain, such as benzodiazapines, which treat anxiety, insomnia or seizures. But the drugs inhibit all the cells in a particular area, not just the neurons that are the intended target.
“Unfortunately, cells that have very different, even opposite functions tend to be right next to each other in the brain,” Arnold said. “Thus, pharmacological experiments are especially difficult to interpret. By encoding GFE3 within the genome, we can target and modulate the inhibitory synapses of specific cells without affecting other cells that have different functions.”
Study co-authors included Garrett Gross, William Dempsey and Jason Junge of USC Dornsife; Provost Professor Scott Fraser of USC Dornsife; Christoph Straub and Bernardo Sabitini of Harvard Medical School; and Jimena Perez Sanchez, Yves De Koninck and Paul De Koninck of the Université Laval in Canada.
The research was supported by a National Institutes of Health grant (NS-081687).