A molecular test can pinpoint which patients will have a very low risk of death from breast cancer even 20 years after diagnosis and tumor removal, according to a new clinical study led by UC San Francisco in collaboration with colleagues in Sweden. As a result, “ultralow” risk patients could be treated less aggressively and overtreatment avoided, leading to fewer toxic effects.
“This is an important step forward for personalizing care for women with breast cancer,” said lead author Laura J. Esserman, MD, MBA, a breast cancer specialist and surgeon with UC Health. “We can now test small node-negative breast cancers, and if they are in the ultralow risk category, we can tell women that they are highly unlikely to die of their cancers and do not need aggressive treatment, including radiation after lumpectomy.”
Oncologist have discussed the existence of ultralow risk tumors and expressed concern that they might be exacerbated by screening. But, Esserman said, this is the first evidence that it is possible to run a diagnostic test at the time of diagnosis and identify them. The study appears June 29, 2017, in JAMA Oncology.
“This is an exciting advance because approximately 20-25 percent of tumors diagnosed today may be ultralow risk,” said Esserman, a UCSF professor and director of the UCSF Carol Franc Buck Breast Care Center who also co-leads the breast oncology program at the UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center (HDFCCC).
Identification at Time of Diagnosis
The medical community for many years has focused on identifying cancer early so that it can be cured or more easily treated. While this can benefit some patients, screening also can detect cancers that are extremely low risk and not life-threatening, which could lead to patients being overtreated. The issue is compounded because breast cancer can recur many years after diagnosis – for low-grade tumors, the majority of the risk occurs after five years. Until now, tools that could reliably identify ultralow risk tumors at the time of diagnosis have not been available because physicians lacked the assurance that late recurrence could truly be avoided.
In the new study, researchers sought to determine whether a 70-gene test could accurately and reliably identify tumors with indolent, or slow-growing, behavior to assess the risk of cancer recurrence up to 20 years after diagnosis. The same test had shown last year that nearly half of early-stage breast cancer patients, who met traditional criteria for high risk, could safely skip chemotherapy based on the biological makeup of their tumors.
The authors disclosed that the test, called MammaPrint®, was devised by UCSF cancer researcher Laura van ‘t Veer, PhD, a co-author on the new study. Produced by Agendia, a company co-founded by van ‘t Veer, MammaPrint® tests for a 70-gene signature that can predict whether cancer will recur in early-stage breast cancer patients. It was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in 2007.
15 Percent Are Ultralow Risk
In the new analysis, the investigators sought to assess breast cancer patients over 20 years, and to find cancers with no- or almost no-risk for metastatic progression. As such, they collaborated with the Stockholm breast cancer study group (STO), to evaluate patients who have been tracked for decades and were part of a randomized clinical trial of tamoxifen vs no systemic therapy.
The STO-3 low-risk trial included 1,780 lymph-node-negative patients with tumors less than or equal to 3 centimeters in diameter, randomized to two years of adjuvant tamoxifen (40 mg. daily) versus no adjuvant treatment. Adjuvant therapy is a treatment provided after the initial surgery or treatment, with the intent to suppress recurrent tumor formation.
All the women had their tumors surgically removed. The researchers used these tissues to profile a total of 652 women, of whom 311 had received tamoxifen, and 339 had not received adjuvant systemic therapy. The majority of the women (79 percent) had received mastectomies and lymph node removal – the data did not include cases with less aggressive local therapy. All women had tumors detected in the era prior to the use of screening mammography, so none were detected via mammograph.
The multigene test classified 42 percent of the patients as high-risk, and 58 percent as low-risk. The investigators found that low-risk patients had a 95 percent survival rate at 5 years, but many later died from their disease.
The test classified 15 percent (98) of the cases as ultralow risk, showing that such tumors are an inherent part of the spectrum of breast cancers, even in the era before screening. Not all low-risk tumors were ultralow risk – in fact, only a quarter met the molecular definition. The women with ultralow risk tumors had an excellent prognosis, whether or not they used tamoxifen for two years, said the authors.
“This emphasizes the role that early detection can play, and how we can improve the impact of screening by focusing on those most likely to benefit,” said Esserman.
Choosing a Treatment Course
The results suggest that the 70-gene test can be used to help physicians and patients determine their treatment course, and to inform choice of systemic therapy as well as local therapy. In an unscreened population, 15 percent of women will have ultralow risk tumors, said the authors. With widespread screening, approximately 25 percent of postmenopausal women could have ultralow risk breast cancer that would rarely be associated with recurrence or death, they wrote. For ultralow risk elderly women over age 75 who have other conditions and face a life expectancy of less than a decade, simple excision may be sufficient, they said.
“There are breast cancers that pose little or no systemic risk,” said Esserman. “Women who have a tumor that is classified as ultralow risk by 70-gene signature can be reassured that their long-term outcome is expected to be excellent, with or without endocrine therapy. Having a test that accurately identifies a population of women, who have very little risk to begin with, should be welcomed by patients and clinicians alike. These tools will enable doctors to better personalize therapy to safely minimize treatment and reassure women if a cancer is ultralow risk.”
Agendia performed the analysis of the tumor samples used in the trial at no charge. Van ‘t Veer is one of the inventors of the MammaPrint®70-gene risk signature, which is licensed to Agendia NV. A co-founder, part-time employee, member of the management board, and stockholder in Agendia NV, she has previously disclosed that she has received “personal fees and other support from Agendia NV outside the submitted work.” The Netherlands Cancer Institute holds a patent related to MammaPrint; UCSF has no financial interest in the MammaPrint® patent.
UCSF co-authors are Christina Yau, PhD, Carlie K. Thompson, MD, and Laura J. van ‘t Veer, PhD, co-leader of the breast oncology program at the UCSF HDFCCC. Senior author Linda S. Lindstrom, PhD, of the Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital in Stockholm, worked closely with the UCSF team. STO investigators included Nicholas P. Tobin, PhD, and Tommy Fornander, MD, PhD, of the Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital in Stockholm; and Bo Nordenskjold, MD, PhD, and Olle Stal, PhD, of Linkoping University in Linkoping, Sweden. Christopher C. Benz, MD, director of the Cancer and Developmental Therapeutics Program at the Buck Institute for Research on Aging, was involved in the original design of the study. Other co-authors are Alexander D. Borowsky, MD, of the Center for Comparative Medicine at UC Davis; and Katherine A. Hoadley, PhD, of the Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. Rick Baehner, MD, in the UCSF Department of Pathology, helped lead the pathology review.
The research was initiated by the California Breast Cancer Research Program award no. 180B-0065 and continued with support from UO1CA187945 and U01CA196404; the Swedish Research Council grant no. 521-2014-2057 and no. 2014-1962; and the Gosta Miltons Donation Fund. The Breast Cancer Research Foundation also supported the work.