High daily exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)—chemicals that are generated by forms of combustion such as cooking, smoking, and vehicle exhausts—may cause molecular changes that accelerate biological aging, according to a new study by researchers from Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and colleagues. They found that exposure to PAHs may trigger damage to DNA methylation, a mechanism used by cells to control the process by which the heritable information in a gene is expressed. This damage has been found by other studies to be associated with premature death, even after accounting for cardiovascular and other disease risk factors.
The study appeared online June 14, 2018 in Environmental Health Perspectives.
The DNA methylation of some genomic loci (positions on a chromosome containing different forms of the same gene) changes over time, so it can be used as a marker of biological age. Previous studies have shown that some people’s DNA methylation age can be higher than their actual age, and that this acceleration may be influenced by environmental factors.
For this paper, researchers used health data from participants in three studies in China, including one that recruited workers from a coke (high-carbon fuel)-oven plant, the researchers developed and validated a DNA methylation age prediction model specific to Chinese populations that was also accurate for white populations. Previous studies that have successfully predicted DNA methylation age in white populations have been less accurate with Chinese populations.
The international research team—from the United States, China, and Canada—then used the model to look at the potential effects of PAH exposure on DNA methylation age.
They found that the more people were exposed to these chemicals, the more they displayed the markers of accelerated aging. For two types of PAHs analyzed in participants’ urine samples (1-hydroxypyrene and 9-hydroxyphenanthrene), each one-unit increase was associated with an approximately six month-increase in DNA methylation age. The effects were particularly evident among coke-oven workers exposed to PAHs on the job.
“We hope that these new findings encourage more studies on human aging in relation to environmental pollutants,” said co-senior author Liming Liang, associate professor of statistical genetics.
Individuals can limit their exposure to PAHs, Liang said, by quitting smoking, avoiding cooking at high temperatures, and ensuring that ovens and other gas-burning appliances are well-ventilated.
Jun Li, a postdoctoral researcher in the Departments of Nutrition and Epidemiology was the study’s first author. Tangchun Wu of Huazhong University of Science and Technology was co-senior author.
This work was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (91643202 and 81390542), the National Key Program of Research and Development of China (2016YFC0900800), the 111 Project and the Program for Changjiang Scholars, the Innovative Research Team in University to Wu, and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (HUST: 2016YXZD045).