With drug-resistant infections on the rise and the development of new antibiotics on the decline, the world could use a new strategy in the fight against increasingly wily bacteria. Now, Stanford chemists report November 2 in the Journal of the American Chemical Society a possible solution: a small molecular attachment that helps conventional antibiotics penetrate and destroy their targets.
A scanning electron microscope image shows several Staphylococcus aureus bacteria cells as they divide. Stanford chemists have devised a new way to attack a particularly hard-to-kill form of the bacteria, known as MRSA. (Image credit: Courtesy Lynette Cegelski)
The attachment, known as r8, helps guide antibiotics through a bacterium’s outer defenses and encourages them to linger, said Alexandra Antonoplis, a graduate student in chemistry and co-lead author with fellow chemistry graduate student Xiaoyu Zang. That penetration and tenacity help kill bacteria, such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, or MRSA, that doctors would otherwise struggle to stop.
Indeed, adding r8 to vancomycin, a first-line defense against MRSA, made the new drug hundreds of times more effective, according to experiments conducted by Antonoplis, Zang, and their advisers, Lynette Cegelski, an associate professor of chemistry in the School of Humanities and Sciences, and Paul Wender, the Francis W. Bergstrom Professor of Chemistry. The same strategy, the researchers believe, could apply beyond MRSA to other drugs and infections.
“You don’t have to invent a new drug. You just have to fix the problems with existing drugs,” said Wender, who is also a member of Stanford Bio-X, the Stanford Cancer Institute, and Stanford ChEM-H.
The MRSA problem
In the long run, the new approach could be good news for public health officials who have struggled with how to deal with antibiotic-resistant infections like MRSA. MRSA, which often begins on the skin, causes more than half of hospital-related infections in Asia and the Americas, and it is the leading cause of death among antibiotic-resistant infections.
“It’s a global health problem, and we need new treatment strategies, because of the increasing emergence of bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics and the limited number of antibiotics in our pipeline,” said Cegelski who is also a member of Stanford Bio-X and Stanford ChEM-H. According to one report, the number of new FDA-approved antibiotics dropped 90 percent over the last three decades. The current first-line treatment for MRSA has been in use since 1958.
That first-line treatment, the antibiotic vancomycin, can keep MRSA from spreading in some cases by preventing the construction of new bacterial cell walls, thus preventing the bacteria from reproducing.
But vancomycin is largely useless against two of the bacteria’s key defenses. First, MRSA has a tendency to form biofilms, colonies of the bacteria embedded within a protective membrane that drugs have a hard time penetrating. Second, MRSA bacteria can lie dormant for extended periods, during which time vancomycin doesn’t work – meaning doctors need an antibiotic that can stick around until MRSA bacteria start to wake up.
Antibiotic siege tactics
The solution, the Stanford team believed, lies not in designing an antibiotic from the ground up, but rather in modifying vancomycin with r8 to help it break into a biofilm and stick around long enough to attack cells once they awaken.
To test vancomycin with the attached r8, dubbed V-r8, the team pitted both it and vancomycin against MRSA in a free-floating state and in biofilms. When bacteria were floating around freely in a liquid, both vancomycin and V-r8 were able to kill off most of the bacteria. But in biofilms, V-r8 was around 10 times more effective, demonstrating that it could penetrate a biofilm and kill bacteria inside. V-r8 also clung to MRSA bacteria twice as well as vancomycin and was vastly more effective at entering MRSA cells, suggesting it could hang around long enough to kill dormant cells.
Those experiments, however, were all conducted in lab dishes. To see how V-r8 would do in a real infection, the team treated mice infected with MRSA with both V-r8 and vancomycin. The new version, they found, killed about 97 percent of bacteria after five hours, about six times more effective than vancomycin without the r8 attachment.
The results do not mean that a new antibiotic is headed straight to the clinic, even for testing – that is likely still years away. Still, Wender said, they do suggest a new way to build antibiotics: by modifying existing antibiotics with synthetic components to give them new abilities, such as the capacity to break through biofilms.
The team next intends to test the drug-modifying strategy in other bacteria in the hope of finding similar results and a way forward in dealing with antibiotic resistance.
“This was just the first effort,” Cegelski said.
