The new PandaX facility, located deep underground in the southwestern Chinese province of Sichuan, hosts a large liquid-xenon detector designed to search for direct evidence of dark matter interactions with the nuclei of xenon and to observe 136Xe double-beta decay.
The detector’s central vessel was designed to accommodate a staged target volume increase from an initial 120 kg (stage I) to 0.5 t (stage II) and ultimately to a multi-ton scale.
The technical design of the PandaX facility and detector is outlined in a new paper co-authored by Ji Xiangdong, of the Institute of Nuclear and Particle Physics, Astronomy and Cosmology at Shanghai Jiao Tong University, and published in the Beijing-based journal SCIENCE CHINA Physics, Mechanics & Astronomy.
While noting that cosmologists generally agree that 80 percent of the matter in the universe is made up of some form of “dark matter,” these researchers also acknowledge that so far, no physicist has ever produced experimental data that provides convincing evidence for the existence and structure of dark matter.
“The standard model of particle physics, which has been very successful in explaining the properties of ordinary matter, can neither explain dark matter’s existence nor its properties,” Professor Ji and co-authors across China and the United States write in the new study. “Yet the discovery and identification of dark matter would have a profound impact on cosmology, astronomy, and particle physics.”
“A leading dark matter candidate consistent with all astrophysical data is a weakly interacting massive particle (WIMP),” they add. “WIMPs could be studied in standard particle physics through either observations of ordinary matter particles produced through DM [dark matter] annihilations in the halo of the Milky Way, production of DM particles through high-energy collisions in accelerators such as the Large Hadron Collider, or WIMPs could be detected through their interactions with atomic nuclei in specially designed detectors.”
Direct detection experiments are deployed in underground laboratories around the world. When WIMPs interact with nucleons in a detection medium, it is predicted they will recoil and generate kinetic motion of atoms (heat), ionization (free electrons) and scintillation (de-excitation of excited electrons).
Direct detection experiments measure one or two or even possibly three of these signatures, depending on the choice of material.
In the case of noble liquid detectors, a light signal is measured by photo multiplier tubes; ionization electrons drifting in an external electric field are either detected through their charge or through electroluminescence. For heat measurements, the detector has to be kept at very low temperature, typically at tens of milli Kelvin, which is a cryogenic challenge, particularly for large masses.
Among all the direct detection experiments, the xenon dual-phase technology appears to be particularly promising. Over the last 3
