{"id":24246,"date":"2009-08-19T10:42:14","date_gmt":"2009-08-19T16:42:14","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/fredbortz.peachpuff-wolverine-566518.hostingersite.com\/24246\/gravitational-wave-detection-gets-a-boost\/"},"modified":"2011-07-12T22:37:33","modified_gmt":"2011-07-12T22:37:33","slug":"gravitational-wave-detection-gets-a-boost","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/scienceblog.com\/fredbortz\/24246\/gravitational-wave-detection-gets-a-boost\/","title":{"rendered":"Gravitational Wave Detection Gets A Boost"},"content":{"rendered":"

Another blogger here<\/a> has posted regularly with claims of theories that supersede both Relativity and Quantum Mechanics. I have been his primary challenger, though others have chimed in. Ultimately, I have concluded that his papers are either erroneous or not novel. But at least he has offered a claim that can be tested by observation. Now the possibility of such a test appears to be closer at hand.<\/p>\n

His claim is that gravitational waves, which are predicted by the mathematics of General Relativity, do not exist.<\/p>\n

Indeed, there has been no direct observation of gravitational waves, but there have also been no observations of events that would be expected to produce detectable gravitational waves. There is strong indirect evidence of gravitational waves, such as the in-spiraling of a binary pulsar system that matches the expectation of the emission of gravitational waves<\/a>, work which led to the 1993 Nobel Prize in Physics.<\/p>\n

But the acid test will be the detection, or non-detection, or gravitational waves from a cosmic event that would be expected to produce a detectable signal. I just got a news release touting a ten-fold increase in sensitivity in the near future, and I reproduce it below.<\/p>\n

I hope the other blogger<\/a> doesn’t jump in here to reprise our old arguments, because no matter what he or I think about what is likely to happen down the road, the evidence will tell the tale. Those interested in our earlier discussions are welcome to visit his blog entries and those of “Scruffy”<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Fred Bortz
\nScience Books for Young Readers<\/a>
\nand
\nScience Book Reviews<\/a><\/p>\n

BRITISH-MADE TECHNOLOGY WILL BOOST
\nTHE SEARCH FOR ELUSIVE GRAVITATIONAL WAVES<\/p>\n

UK scientists are helping us edge ever closer to finding the
\nmysterious, theorized ripples in the fabric of space-time (known as
\ngravitational waves) with the production of 25 new assemblies for the
\nLIGO facility — a network of detectors designed to search for these
\nelusive waves.<\/p>\n

Funded by the US National Science Foundation (NSF), LIGO also allows
\nus to look inside the most violent events in the Universe and traces
\nits exotic phenomena in great detail. By increasing the sensitivity of
\nthe LIGO detectors by a factor of ten, the upgrades will greatly
\nincrease our chances of finding gravitational waves and open a new
\nobservational window on the Universe to test our current theories and
\nmodels.<\/p>\n

The UK\u2019s Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) is
\ncontributing \u00a38.5m to this multimillion-dollar upgrade project, named
\nAdvanced LIGO, and is managing the UK\u2019s overall involvement, including
\ncollaboration from the Universities of Glasgow, Birmingham,
\nStrathclyde and Cardiff. The UK\u2019s deliverables are suspension systems
\nwhich help to ensure that the ultra-sensitive silica mirrors at the
\nheart of the upgraded detector will not be influenced by ground-borne
\nnoise. The detector is sensitive to movements a hundred million times
\nsmaller than an atom so it is vital to ensure that stray noise sources
\nare eliminated. Technology developed in the European GEO-600 project
\nis being used to ensure the performance needed by Advanced LIGO.
\nShipping of the new parts to the US is currently underway.<\/p>\n

The completion of the UK-made upgrades comes as the LIGO Scientific
\nCollaboration (of which the UK-German GEO600 group is a founding
\nmember) and the Virgo Collaboration announce new results that have
\nsignificantly advanced our understanding of the early evolution of the
\nUniverse.<\/p>\n

In a paper published in Nature today (20th August) the scientists
\nexplain how LIGO observations have set the most stringent limits yet
\non the amount of gravitational waves that could have come from the Big
\nBang in the gravitational wave frequency band where LIGO can observe.
\nIn doing so, they have narrowed down the possibilities of how the
\nUniverse looked in its earliest moments.<\/p>\n

Prof. Jim Hough, UK Principal Investigator for the GEO600 project
\nsaid, \u201cThis paper helps demonstrate the real excitement and potential
\nof the field of gravitational wave studies to further our
\nunderstanding of the Universe.\u201d<\/p>\n

The Big Bang is believed to have created a flood of gravitational
\nwaves when the universe was very young. These waves still fill the
\nuniverse today as background \u201cnoise\u201d, similar to random ripples on a
\npond on a windy day. The strength of this gravitational wave
\nbackground is directly related to the way the Universe was in the
\nfirst minute after the Big Bang, and the fact that we have not found
\nany signal so far already tells us the maximum strength which this
\nbackground could have.<\/p>\n

This information builds on what we\u2019ve learnt from studying the cosmic
\nmicrowave background — heat radiation that tells us the way the
\nuniverse was when it was about 380,000 years old. This is still very
\nyoung compared with its present 14-billion year age, but much older
\nthan the time period probed by gravitational waves.<\/p>\n

\u201cSince we have not observed the gravitational waves from the Big Bang,
\nsome of these early-universe models that predict a relatively large
\nbackground of waves have been ruled out,\u201d says Vuk Mandic, assistant
\nprofessor at the University of Minnesota.<\/p>\n

\u201cWe now know a bit more about parameters that describe the evolution
\nof the universe when it was less than one minute old,\u201d Mandic adds.<\/p>\n

Justin Greenhalgh, from the STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, said,
\n\u201cOnce it goes online, Advanced LIGO will allow us to further advance
\nthis research into the evolution of the early Universe. It will be
\nable to detect cataclysmic events such as black-holes and neutron-star
\ncollisions at 10-times-greater distances and will be sensitive to
\nsources of extragalactic gravitational waves in a volume of the
\nuniverse 1,000 times larger than we can see at the present time. The
\nnew sensitivity of the instruments will propel our work forward and
\nallow us to reveal more of the hidden mysteries of our Universe.\u201d<\/p>\n

David Reitze, a professor of physics at the University of Florida and
\nspokesperson for the LIGO Scientific Collaboration, added,
\n\u201cGravitational waves are the only way to directly probe the universe
\nat the moment of its birth; they\u2019re absolutely unique in that regard.
\nWe simply can\u2019t get this information from any other type of astronomy.
\nThis is what makes this result in particular, and gravitational-wave
\nastronomy in general, so exciting.\u201d<\/p>\n

Gravitational waves carry with them information about their violent
\norigins and about the nature of gravity that cannot be obtained by
\nconventional astronomical tools. The existence of the waves was
\npredicted by Albert Einstein in 1916 in his general theory of
\nrelativity.<\/p>\n

Professor Keith Mason, Chief Executive of the Science and Technology
\nFacilities Council, said, \u201cThe new upgrades for LIGO will greatly
\nimprove our chances of finding gravitational waves. If LIGO detects
\nthem, it will be one of the biggest scientific breakthroughs of our
\nage and one to which UK scientists contributed a great deal of skills
\nand expertise. It will also open up a new kind of astronomy that will
\nallow us to study the Universe in much greater detail in a way that
\ndoes not rely on light.\u201d<\/p>\n

The analysis used data collected from the LIGO interferometers, a 2 km
\nand a 4 km detector in Hanford, Washington, and a 4 km instrument in
\nLivingston, Louisiana. Each of the L-shaped interferometers uses a
\nlaser split into two beams that travel back and forth down long
\ninterferometer arms.<\/p>\n

# # #<\/p>\n

Nature Paper:
\nThe paper \u2018An upper limit on the amplitude of stochastic gravitational
\nwave background of cosmological origin\u2019 is available from the STFC
\npress office.<\/p>\n

Images:
\nImages are available from the STFC press office<\/p>\n

LIGO:
\nThe LIGO project, which is funded by the National Science Foundation
\n(NSF), was designed and is operated by Caltech and the Massachusetts
\nInstitute of Technology for the purpose of detecting gravitational
\nwaves, and for the development of gravitational-wave observations as
\nan astronomical tool.<\/p>\n

Research is carried out by the LIGO Scientific Collaboration, a group
\nof 600 scientists from 12 different countries. The LIGO Scientific
\nCollaboration interferometer network includes the LIGO interferometers
\n(including the 2 km and 4 km detectors in Hanford, Washington, and a 4
\nkm instrument in Livingston, Louisiana) and the GEO600 interferometer,
\nlocated in Hannover, Germany, and designed and operated by scientists
\nfrom the Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics and partners
\nin the United Kingdom funded by the Science and Technology Facilities
\nCouncil.<\/p>\n

The next major milestone for LIGO is the Advanced LIGO Project, slated
\nfor operation in 2014. Advanced LIGO, which will utilize the
\ninfrastructure of the LIGO observatories, and will be 10 times more
\nsensitive. Advanced LIGO will incorporate advanced designs and
\ntechnologies that have been developed by the LIGO Scientific
\nCollaboration. It is supported by the NSF, with additional
\ncontributions from the Science and Technology Facilities Council and
\nthe German Max Planck Gessellschaft.<\/p>\n

Contacts:
\nJulia Short
\nPress Officer
\nScience and Technology Facilities Council
\nTel: +44 (0)1793 442 012
\nE-mail: Julia.short@stfc.ac.uk<\/p>\n

Justin Greenhalgh
\nSTFC
\nTel: +44 (0)1235 445 297
\nE-mail: justin.greenhalgh@stfc.ac.uk<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Another blogger here<\/a> has posted regularly with claims of theories that supersede both Relativity and Quantum Mechanics. I have been his primary challenger, though others have chimed in. Ultimately, I have concluded that his papers are either erroneous or not novel. But at least he has offered a claim that can be tested by observation. 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