{"id":119,"date":"2012-02-29T16:30:58","date_gmt":"2012-02-29T16:30:58","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/genotopia.peachpuff-wolverine-566518.hostingersite.com\/?p=119"},"modified":"2012-02-29T16:36:51","modified_gmt":"2012-02-29T16:36:51","slug":"childs-play","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/scienceblog.com\/genotopia\/119\/childs-play\/","title":{"rendered":"Childs Play"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>It\u2019s February 29, the birthday of the great pediatrician and medical geneticist Barton Childs. Born in 1916, he would have had 24 candles on his cake today.<\/p>\n<p>Childs was adopted as a baby. An irony for a medical geneticist, he told me, \u201cBecause I have no family history,\u201d no pedigree to check for inherited traits. He graduated from <a href=\"http:\/\/www.williams.edu\/\">Williams College<\/a> and enrolled at Johns Hopkins medical school in 1938. He served in World War II and then returned to Hopkins, joining the medical faculty in pediatrics.<\/p>\n<p>Pediatrics has a venerable place in the history of medical genetics. Childs was intrigued by young patients with congenital anomalies and began to read up on genetics. A formative moment in his career came in 1952, when he took a fellowship at the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC2972887\/pdf\/eugenrev00069-0025.pdf\">Galton Laboratory of Eugenics <\/a>(later, Human Genetics), at University College London. There he studied under <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lionel_Penrose\">Lionel Penrose<\/a> and worked with Harry Harris, two pioneers of the field. Penrose was a psychiatrist interested in mental deficiency\u2014his 1938 Colchester Study was a landmark in the understanding of diseases such as phenylketonuria and Down syndrome. Harris was interested in genetic polymorphism. Newly available techniques, such as protein sequencing, electrophoresis, and chromatography enabled him to identify biochemical idiosyncrasies and variations. Both Penrose and Harris were devotees of <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC1682897\/pdf\/ajhg00065-0221.pdf\">Archibald Garrod<\/a>, the English physician who developed the concepts of biochemical individuality and inborn errors of metabolism\u2014two ideas central to genetic medicine today.<\/p>\n<p>Harris and Penrose showed Childs the Garrodian light. He had a scientific temperament, and back in Baltimore he set up a Drosophila laboratory in the hospital to study genetic mechanisms. He contributed to early understanding of numerous genetic diseases, including G6PD deficiency, congenital adrenal hyperplasia and others. He took a particular interest in diseases of the X chromosome, which have a characteristic pattern on a pedigree. In the 1970s he participated in debates over genetic screening and counseling, arguing in favor of proceeding with caution and an eye toward respecting patients\u2019 rights and autonomy.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_123\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-123\" style=\"width: 290px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/scienceblog.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2012\/02\/childs2.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"123\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/scienceblog.com\/genotopia\/119\/childs-play\/childs-3\/#main\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/scienceblog.com\/genotopia\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2012\/02\/childs2.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1280,861\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"childs\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/scienceblog.com\/genotopia\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2012\/02\/childs2-1024x688.jpg\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-123\" src=\"https:\/\/scienceblog.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2012\/02\/childs2-300x201.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"201\" srcset=\"https:\/\/scienceblog.com\/genotopia\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2012\/02\/childs2-300x201.jpg 300w, https:\/\/scienceblog.com\/genotopia\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2012\/02\/childs2-1024x688.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/scienceblog.com\/genotopia\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2012\/02\/childs2.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-123\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Barton Childs, courtesy Chesney Archives<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>But his most important contributions were his steady, articulate advocacy of the importance of genetics for medicine. Like his mentor Harris, Childs\u2019s passion was variation. He was not interested in finding \u201cthe gene for\u201d a disease; he wanted to understand how our genes contribute to variability in disease. What is it that makes us each biochemically and genetically unique? In particular, he was interested in bringing an understanding of the principles of genetics and evolution into medical education. He was fascinated by the challenge of molding physicians\u2019 minds as the most potent way to improve medical care. By influencing how doctors think, he believed, one could have the largest possible effect on how patients are treated.<\/p>\n<p>His 1999 book <a href=\"http:\/\/amzn.com\/0801874424\">Genetic Medicine: A Logic of Disease<\/a> is his magnum opus. In it, he frames disease as a deviation from the norm of health and asks, How did the normal become the norm? How and why do people vary? Can we identify a set of principles for understanding the mechanisms of disease, and can we develop a structured argument that can be taught to medical students? \u201cTo be comprehensible, a logic of disease requires a language common to biology, medicine, and other disciplines. In fact, there is such a language: that of the DNA.\u201d Childs saw molecular genetics as the foundation of the life sciences, the principles on which all life is founded. Drawing on a mechanistic tradition reaching back to <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Claude_Bernard\">Claude Bernard<\/a>, Childs articulated medicine as an expression of science. Science, in this view, describes the normal, and medicine the pathological, which is a deviation from the norm. Childs was not a simplistic genetic determinist, though. He understood that both health and disease result from the interplay of genetics and environment\u2014an interplay that was unique to the individual and shifted through time. Though his intellect was austere and philosophical, his intent was always to improve medical care for the individual patient.<\/p>\n<p>Childs\u2019s commitment to theory as a guide to practice came from and contributed to a self-effacing personal style. He refused to discuss any personal matters with interviewers, insisting, for example, that nothing about his life was relevant to his ideas. This is a curious stance for a physician, whose first gesture with a new patient is to take a history. He could be gruff and curt, but his curmudgeonly exterior covered a gentle demeanor and a light ego. Seeking a portrait of him to use in my forthcoming book on medical genetics, I scoured the Chesney Medical Archives almost in vain. The only view of his face the archivists and I could find was a three-quarters view image of him talking with colleagues. I settled instead on a silhouette that for me evokes his independence and austerity.<\/p>\n<p>His principal legacy is as he would have wanted it: in the medical curriculum. When Johns Hopkins reformed its curriculum in the 1990s, they grounded it on Childs\u2019s biological approach to medical individuality. Administrators and faculty consulted with Childs, tooling up on his erudite and rich framing of medical education in genetic terms. The course <a href=\"http:\/\/www.hopkinsmedicine.org\/som\/admissions\/md\/curriculum\/gts.html\">\u201cGenes to Society\u201d<\/a> is the keystone of the new curriculum, and is explicitly based on Childs\u2019s \u201clogic of disease.\u201d In it, Garrodian individuality, polymorphism, and personalized medicine find pedagogical expression. They put molecular principles up front, using them to then characterize higher organ systems and environmental interactions. In contrast to traditional curricula, in which basic science is taught in the first two years and clinical exposure is in the last two years, the Genes to Society program introduces students to the clinic from the beginning, in an effort to convey the dynamic relationship between the normal and the pathological.<\/p>\n<p>So raise a glass to Barton Childs on his twenty-fourth birthday\u2014a fitting day for one so interested in human idiosyncrasy.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Selected bibliography:<\/p>\n<p>Childs, Barton, and James B. Sidbury, Jr. &#8220;A Survey of Genetics as It Applies to Problems in Medicine.&#8221; <em>Pediatrics <\/em>20, no. 1 (1957): 177-216.<\/p>\n<p>Childs, Barton, and William J. Young. &#8220;Genetic Variations in Man.&#8221; <em>American Journal of Medicine <\/em>34, no. May, 1963 (1963): 663-73.<\/p>\n<p>Childs, Barton. &#8220;Sir Archibald Garrod&#8217;s Conception of Chemical Individuality: A Modern Appreciation.&#8221; <em>N Engl J Med <\/em>282, no. 2 (1970): 71-77.<\/p>\n<p>Childs, B., C. Scriver, and et al. <em>Genetic Screening: Programs, Principles and Research<\/em>.\u00a0 Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences, 1975.<\/p>\n<p>Childs, B. &#8220;Genetics in Medical Education.&#8221; <em>Am J Hum Genet <\/em>52, no. 1 (1993): 225-7.<\/p>\n<p>\u2014\u2014\u2014. &#8220;A Logic of Disease.&#8221; <em>Lipids <\/em>31 Suppl (1996): S3-6.<\/p>\n<p>Childs, B., and R. S. Spielman. &#8220;Harry Harris (1919-94): In Memoriam.&#8221; <em>Am J Hum Genet <\/em>58, no. 4 (1996): 896-8.<\/p>\n<p>Childs, Barton. <em>Genetic Medicine: A Logic of Disease<\/em>.\u00a0 Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999.<\/p>\n<p>Childs, B., C. Wiener, and D. Valle. &#8220;A Science of the Individual: Implications for a Medical School Curriculum.&#8221; <em>Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet <\/em>6 (2005): 313-30.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>It\u2019s February 29, the birthday of the great pediatrician and medical geneticist Barton Childs. Born in 1916, he would have had 24 candles on his cake today. Childs was adopted as a baby. An irony for a medical geneticist, he told me, \u201cBecause I have no family history,\u201d no pedigree to check for inherited traits. &#8230; <a title=\"Childs Play\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/scienceblog.com\/genotopia\/119\/childs-play\/\" aria-label=\"Read more about Childs Play\">Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":19,"featured_media":124,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[6,147,148,79],"class_list":["post-119","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized","tag-archibald-garrod","tag-barton-childs","tag-genes-to-society","tag-personalized-medicine"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.4 (Yoast SEO v27.4) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Childs Play - Genotopia<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/scienceblog.com\/genotopia\/119\/childs-play\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Childs Play\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"It\u2019s February 29, the birthday of the great pediatrician and medical geneticist Barton Childs. Born in 1916, he would have had 24 candles on his cake today. Childs was adopted as a baby. An irony for a medical geneticist, he told me, \u201cBecause I have no family history,\u201d no pedigree to check for inherited traits. ... Read more\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/scienceblog.com\/genotopia\/119\/childs-play\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Genotopia\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2012-02-29T16:30:58+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2012-02-29T16:36:51+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/scienceblog.com\/genotopia\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2012\/02\/human-karyotype.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1267\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"564\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Nathaniel Comfort\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Nathaniel Comfort\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"6 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/scienceblog.com\\\/genotopia\\\/119\\\/childs-play\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/scienceblog.com\\\/genotopia\\\/119\\\/childs-play\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Nathaniel Comfort\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/scienceblog.com\\\/genotopia\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/1678c350e13f229dfc3ce10d37d5ef41\"},\"headline\":\"Childs Play\",\"datePublished\":\"2012-02-29T16:30:58+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2012-02-29T16:36:51+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/scienceblog.com\\\/genotopia\\\/119\\\/childs-play\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":1132,\"commentCount\":0,\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/scienceblog.com\\\/genotopia\\\/119\\\/childs-play\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/scienceblog.com\\\/genotopia\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/9\\\/2012\\\/02\\\/human-karyotype.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"Archibald Garrod\",\"Barton Childs\",\"Genes to Society\",\"personalized medicine\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/scienceblog.com\\\/genotopia\\\/119\\\/childs-play\\\/#respond\"]}],\"copyrightYear\":\"2012\",\"copyrightHolder\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/scienceblog.com\\\/#organization\"}},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/scienceblog.com\\\/genotopia\\\/119\\\/childs-play\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/scienceblog.com\\\/genotopia\\\/119\\\/childs-play\\\/\",\"name\":\"Childs Play - Genotopia\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/scienceblog.com\\\/genotopia\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/scienceblog.com\\\/genotopia\\\/119\\\/childs-play\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/scienceblog.com\\\/genotopia\\\/119\\\/childs-play\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/scienceblog.com\\\/genotopia\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/9\\\/2012\\\/02\\\/human-karyotype.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2012-02-29T16:30:58+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2012-02-29T16:36:51+00:00\",\"author\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/scienceblog.com\\\/genotopia\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/1678c350e13f229dfc3ce10d37d5ef41\"},\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/scienceblog.com\\\/genotopia\\\/119\\\/childs-play\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/scienceblog.com\\\/genotopia\\\/119\\\/childs-play\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/scienceblog.com\\\/genotopia\\\/119\\\/childs-play\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/scienceblog.com\\\/genotopia\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/9\\\/2012\\\/02\\\/human-karyotype.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/scienceblog.com\\\/genotopia\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/9\\\/2012\\\/02\\\/human-karyotype.jpg\",\"width\":\"1267\",\"height\":\"564\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/scienceblog.com\\\/genotopia\\\/119\\\/childs-play\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/scienceblog.com\\\/genotopia\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Childs Play\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/scienceblog.com\\\/genotopia\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/scienceblog.com\\\/genotopia\\\/\",\"name\":\"Genotopia\",\"description\":\"Here Lies Truth\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/scienceblog.com\\\/genotopia\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/scienceblog.com\\\/genotopia\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/1678c350e13f229dfc3ce10d37d5ef41\",\"name\":\"Nathaniel Comfort\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/92625f3c761b7e3f723c76a73bc4328259839fbe8530a221b68040b9b4483a99?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/92625f3c761b7e3f723c76a73bc4328259839fbe8530a221b68040b9b4483a99?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/92625f3c761b7e3f723c76a73bc4328259839fbe8530a221b68040b9b4483a99?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"caption\":\"Nathaniel Comfort\"},\"description\":\"Nathaniel Comfort is a professor in the Department of the History of Medicine at The Johns Hopkins University. From 1997 to 2002, he was on the history faculty at The George Washington University, where he also served as Deputy Director of the Center for History of Recent Science. The Center\u2019s director and founder was Horace Freeland Judson (The Eighth Day of Creation), who, along with John McPhee and Monty Python, Comfort considers among his biggest writing influences. Comfort\u2019s books include The Science of Human Perfection: How Genes Became the Heart of American Medicine (Yale, 2012), The Tangled Field: Barbara McClintock\u2019s Search for the Patterns of Genetic Control (Harvard, 2001), and the edited volume, The Panda\u2019s Black Box: Opening Up the Intelligent Design Debate (Johns Hopkins, 2007). In addition to scholarly articles, he has written for Natural History, the New York Times Book Review, National Public Radio, Nature, Science, New Scientist, The Believer, and other publications. Should he expire tomorrow, he would be survived, in decreasing size order, by a son, a wife, a daughter, a dog, a cat, another cat, and still another cat.\",\"sameAs\":[\"http:\\\/\\\/genotopia.peachpuff-wolverine-566518.hostingersite.com\"],\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/scienceblog.com\\\/genotopia\\\/author\\\/genotopia\\\/\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO Premium plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Childs Play - Genotopia","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/scienceblog.com\/genotopia\/119\/childs-play\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Childs Play","og_description":"It\u2019s February 29, the birthday of the great pediatrician and medical geneticist Barton Childs. Born in 1916, he would have had 24 candles on his cake today. Childs was adopted as a baby. An irony for a medical geneticist, he told me, \u201cBecause I have no family history,\u201d no pedigree to check for inherited traits. ... Read more","og_url":"https:\/\/scienceblog.com\/genotopia\/119\/childs-play\/","og_site_name":"Genotopia","article_published_time":"2012-02-29T16:30:58+00:00","article_modified_time":"2012-02-29T16:36:51+00:00","og_image":[{"width":1267,"height":564,"url":"https:\/\/scienceblog.com\/genotopia\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2012\/02\/human-karyotype.jpg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"author":"Nathaniel Comfort","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"Nathaniel Comfort","Est. reading time":"6 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/scienceblog.com\/genotopia\/119\/childs-play\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/scienceblog.com\/genotopia\/119\/childs-play\/"},"author":{"name":"Nathaniel Comfort","@id":"https:\/\/scienceblog.com\/genotopia\/#\/schema\/person\/1678c350e13f229dfc3ce10d37d5ef41"},"headline":"Childs Play","datePublished":"2012-02-29T16:30:58+00:00","dateModified":"2012-02-29T16:36:51+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/scienceblog.com\/genotopia\/119\/childs-play\/"},"wordCount":1132,"commentCount":0,"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/scienceblog.com\/genotopia\/119\/childs-play\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/scienceblog.com\/genotopia\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2012\/02\/human-karyotype.jpg","keywords":["Archibald Garrod","Barton Childs","Genes to Society","personalized medicine"],"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"CommentAction","name":"Comment","target":["https:\/\/scienceblog.com\/genotopia\/119\/childs-play\/#respond"]}],"copyrightYear":"2012","copyrightHolder":{"@id":"https:\/\/scienceblog.com\/#organization"}},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/scienceblog.com\/genotopia\/119\/childs-play\/","url":"https:\/\/scienceblog.com\/genotopia\/119\/childs-play\/","name":"Childs Play - Genotopia","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/scienceblog.com\/genotopia\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/scienceblog.com\/genotopia\/119\/childs-play\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/scienceblog.com\/genotopia\/119\/childs-play\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/scienceblog.com\/genotopia\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2012\/02\/human-karyotype.jpg","datePublished":"2012-02-29T16:30:58+00:00","dateModified":"2012-02-29T16:36:51+00:00","author":{"@id":"https:\/\/scienceblog.com\/genotopia\/#\/schema\/person\/1678c350e13f229dfc3ce10d37d5ef41"},"breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/scienceblog.com\/genotopia\/119\/childs-play\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/scienceblog.com\/genotopia\/119\/childs-play\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/scienceblog.com\/genotopia\/119\/childs-play\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/scienceblog.com\/genotopia\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2012\/02\/human-karyotype.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/scienceblog.com\/genotopia\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2012\/02\/human-karyotype.jpg","width":"1267","height":"564"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/scienceblog.com\/genotopia\/119\/childs-play\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/scienceblog.com\/genotopia\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Childs Play"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/scienceblog.com\/genotopia\/#website","url":"https:\/\/scienceblog.com\/genotopia\/","name":"Genotopia","description":"Here Lies Truth","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/scienceblog.com\/genotopia\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/scienceblog.com\/genotopia\/#\/schema\/person\/1678c350e13f229dfc3ce10d37d5ef41","name":"Nathaniel Comfort","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/92625f3c761b7e3f723c76a73bc4328259839fbe8530a221b68040b9b4483a99?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/92625f3c761b7e3f723c76a73bc4328259839fbe8530a221b68040b9b4483a99?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/92625f3c761b7e3f723c76a73bc4328259839fbe8530a221b68040b9b4483a99?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"Nathaniel Comfort"},"description":"Nathaniel Comfort is a professor in the Department of the History of Medicine at The Johns Hopkins University. From 1997 to 2002, he was on the history faculty at The George Washington University, where he also served as Deputy Director of the Center for History of Recent Science. The Center\u2019s director and founder was Horace Freeland Judson (The Eighth Day of Creation), who, along with John McPhee and Monty Python, Comfort considers among his biggest writing influences. Comfort\u2019s books include The Science of Human Perfection: How Genes Became the Heart of American Medicine (Yale, 2012), The Tangled Field: Barbara McClintock\u2019s Search for the Patterns of Genetic Control (Harvard, 2001), and the edited volume, The Panda\u2019s Black Box: Opening Up the Intelligent Design Debate (Johns Hopkins, 2007). In addition to scholarly articles, he has written for Natural History, the New York Times Book Review, National Public Radio, Nature, Science, New Scientist, The Believer, and other publications. Should he expire tomorrow, he would be survived, in decreasing size order, by a son, a wife, a daughter, a dog, a cat, another cat, and still another cat.","sameAs":["http:\/\/genotopia.peachpuff-wolverine-566518.hostingersite.com"],"url":"https:\/\/scienceblog.com\/genotopia\/author\/genotopia\/"}]}},"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/scienceblog.com\/genotopia\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2012\/02\/human-karyotype.jpg","jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/pgtNP1-1V","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_likes_enabled":true,"jetpack-related-posts":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/scienceblog.com\/genotopia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/119","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/scienceblog.com\/genotopia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/scienceblog.com\/genotopia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/scienceblog.com\/genotopia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/19"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/scienceblog.com\/genotopia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=119"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/scienceblog.com\/genotopia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/119\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/scienceblog.com\/genotopia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/124"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/scienceblog.com\/genotopia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=119"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/scienceblog.com\/genotopia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=119"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/scienceblog.com\/genotopia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=119"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}