{"id":1334,"date":"2020-06-30T13:40:19","date_gmt":"2020-06-30T13:40:19","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/horizon.peachpuff-wolverine-566518.hostingersite.com\/?p=1334"},"modified":"2020-06-30T13:40:19","modified_gmt":"2020-06-30T13:40:19","slug":"does-teenage-anxiety-have-its-roots-in-infancy","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/scienceblog.com\/horizon\/1334\/does-teenage-anxiety-have-its-roots-in-infancy\/","title":{"rendered":"Does teenage anxiety have its roots in infancy?"},"content":{"rendered":"
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The fact that teenagers worry isn\u2019t necessarily a concern \u2013 it\u2019s when the adolescent brain amplifies and distorts a simple worry that mental health problems can arise. As scientists aim to unlock why teenagers get anxious, and how infancy and upbringing are implicated, early intervention strategies are being refined to redirect harmful thoughts and teach adolescents to read the emotions of others \u2013 a crucial way to keep their own distressing feelings in check.<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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\u2018We know worry and ruminations are big predictors of anxiety and depression in young people,\u2019 said Edward Watkins, a professor of experimental and applied psychology at the UK\u2019s University of Exeter, and a qualified cognitive behavioural therapist.<\/p>\n

He coordinates a project called\u00a0ECoWeB<\/a>, which created a mobile app for evidence-based strategies to prevent anxiety in young people and to strengthen their resilience to emotional turmoil. \u2018With our app, we aim to help young people cope with their worries by helping them\u00a0change their behaviour and thinking<\/a>,\u2019 said Prof. Watkins.<\/p>\n

He added: \u2018We need to get in early, to prevent the mental processes that tend to drive adolescents to anxiety and depression.\u2019<\/p>\n

MyMoodCoach<\/a>, aimed at people aged 16 to 22, will be trialled from July in the UK, Germany, Spain and Belgium, and will initially be available in English, German, Spanish and Flemish. Developed by experts in mental health and emotions, the app helps young people to monitor and learn about their own emotional experience.<\/p>\n

The app\u2019s teaching components include lessons on recognising emotions, and will help adolescents spot what makes them anxious or sad, and provide strategies to improve mood and cultivate long-term wellbeing. It uses the general principles of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), among other techniques in psychotherapy.<\/p>\n

Users will initially complete an online questionnaire. Depending on their baseline score, they will then receive a randomised version of the app. There are three iterations of the app \u2013 one for self-monitoring, a standard\u00a0CBT version and a personalised version.<\/p>\n

In the personalised app, participants will receive two out of four learning modules. These will focus on the most relevant elements revealed during their baseline assessment.<\/p>\n

\u2018If persistent worrying isn\u2019t your problem, there\u2019s no point us giving you that module,\u2019 said Prof. Watkins.<\/p>\n

Darker<\/strong><\/p>\n

The project \u2013 a collaboration involving eight European nations \u2013 aims to help adolescents make sense of their darker feelings through articles, videos, quizzes and tasks. One task will involve users watching images of people using body language and facial expressions to display complicated emotions, and then interpreting what they\u2019ve seen. Feedback from the platform will train them to refine their interpretations in the future.<\/p>\n

\u2018We\u2019ll challenge people to become better at spotting emotions,\u2019 said Prof. Watkins. \u2018This kind of training is a proven way to help people find new ways to cope and to build self-confidence. By being curious about other people\u2019s emotions, we find out more about our own.\u2019<\/p>\n

Other tasks will dive into (among other things) relationship issues, problem-solving, self-compassion and relaxation.<\/p>\n

Users of the app will be asked to report on their emotions on a regular basis \u2013 at first, daily. This anonymised data will be fed back to the researchers, along with progress reports from users as they deepen their engagement with the tasks they are assigned. Seeing how much people use the app and which usages reduce anxiety will help to improve the app and show the researchers what\u2019s useful, says Prof. Watkins.<\/p>\n

It is commonly believed that one in five people will suffer from anxiety or depression at some point in their lives. There\u2019s mounting evidence that many mental health problems start between the ages 12 to 24, according to Prof. Watkins. A startling\u00a050% of mental health problems are established by the age of 14 and 75% by the age of 24<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u2018This is the age group where we\u2019re seeing the biggest uplift (in these disorders),\u2019 said Prof. Watkins. \u2018We urgently need to take a preventative approach with this group, and we hope the app will be part of that jigsaw.\u2019<\/p>\n

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\u2018By being curious about other people\u2019s emotions, we find out more about our own.\u2019<\/p>\n

Professor Edward Watkins, University of Exeter, UK<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<\/blockquote>\n

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Cyber-bullying<\/strong><\/p>\n

The reasons adolescents are more likely to develop mental health disorders than people in other age groups remain somewhat unknown, however researchers believe social media and cyber-bullying play a significant role, as do tendencies towards perfectionism and comparing oneself to others. Other known risk factors include childhood poverty, a family or personal history of mental health problems, and challenging or dangerous life events originating from early childhood.<\/p>\n

Many scientists believe these negative early-life events are, indeed, the biggest predictors of mental health problems sparked in adolescence. Among them is Pier Francesco Ferrari, director of the Laboratory of Social Neuroscience and Comparative Development at the\u00a0Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique<\/a>\u00a0in Lyon, France.<\/p>\n

Dr Ferrari studies the mental development of infants and adolescents, observing how events experienced at a critical age influence changes in the brain, and how these changes relate to cognitive function and social behaviour.<\/p>\n

His work focuses on rhesus macaques \u2013 primates with neural mechanisms that resemble those of humans. Like humans, macaques are complex, psychologically sensitive animals.<\/p>\n

\u2018Because our monkeys live in a controlled environment, we can (closely monitor them and) do analyses that can\u2019t be done in humans,\u2019 said Dr Ferrari.<\/p>\n

As part of a project on anxiety disorder in childhood and adolescence called\u00a0AnxNPS<\/a>, his team has been tracking a particular group of macaques since the day the monkeys were born. They know everything there is to know about their subjects: genetic profile, early life experience, brain development, neural-hormonal profile, teenage likes and dislikes, and much more. These known factors allow the researchers to make connections between neglect in infancy and psychopathologies in the teenage years \u2013 as seen, for instance, through anxious or antisocial behaviour.<\/p>\n

Socially deprived<\/strong><\/p>\n

The 22 macaques in Dr Ferrari\u2019s study \u2013 all housed in an outdoor primate centre and brought inside once a year for brain scans \u2013 display markedly different behaviour depending on their earliest experiences of life. Half the monkeys were reared from birth by their mothers, while the other half were \u2018socially deprived\u2019 by being raised in a nursery alongside other young macaques. At the age of one, the monkeys were grouped together.<\/p>\n

Now, as four-year-old adolescents, the mother-reared macaques are more confident than their \u2018institutionalised\u2019 peers, as well as more likely to approach strangers and less emotionally reactive. They also show far more positive attentional biases than the monkeys with more challenging infancies. They are more likely to participate in social grooming, where animals groom each another\u2019s bodies, reinforcing bonds and social structures.<\/p>\n

\u2018Monkeys that don\u2019t have contact with their mothers as infants show all the symptoms described for children who have difficult infancies \u2013 such as\u00a0institutionalised children<\/a>,\u2019 said Dr Ferrari.<\/p>\n

\u2018For example, they discriminate attachment (that is, show strong preferences for specific individuals) and develop anxiety, and this persists over the period of adolescence,\u2019 he said. \u2018They also show negative attentional biases, also described for institute-raised kids. They are more attentive to threat and more anxious.\u2019<\/p>\n

In both macaques and humans, there appear to be two sensitive periods of brain development \u2013 early infancy and adolescence. At these times, the brain is highly plastic, making it more capable than ever of learning and changing. It\u2019s this plasticity that makes the infant and teenage brain vulnerable to adversity,\u00a0with key brain structures and neural-hormonal pathways taking an altered shape at these times when children are exposed to negative experiences<\/a>, such as threat or deprivation.<\/p>\n

Infant brain<\/strong><\/p>\n

Interestingly, changes that occur in the infant brain appear to be closely linked to symptoms and behaviour observed in the adolescent period, even if the intervening period gives no cause for concern. \u2018What happens in the first period of sensitivity seems to have an impact on the late sensitive period,\u2019 said Dr Ferrari. In other words, harm done to the infant brain appears to create cognitive and behavioural problems in adolescence.<\/p>\n

As part of their ongoing project, Dr Ferrari and his colleagues are hoping to determine which regions of the brain are particularly\u00a0sensitive to environmental cues<\/a>, and to understand precisely how early changes in these parts of the brain correlate with psychopathological symptoms in the teenage years. The implications for humans could eventually be more targeted treatment protocols.<\/p>\n

\u2018Once we\u2019ve spotted the areas that are more sensitive to adverse events \u2013 once we understand the mechanisms that can go wrong during development, and why \u2013 we can target these areas for treatment,\u2019 he said.<\/p>\n

\u2018Maybe there will be new strategies to treat children in early infancy and not late adolescence. We know that if we don\u2019t do anything, the outcome can be anxiety, depression and risky and impulsive behaviour in adolescence. It can be too late at this stage to treat some individuals.\u2019<\/p>\n

The research in this article was funded by the EU. If you liked this article, please consider sharing it on social media.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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This article was originally published on Horizon magazine.<\/em><\/div>\n
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The fact that teenagers worry isn\u2019t necessarily a concern \u2013 it\u2019s when the adolescent brain amplifies and distorts a simple worry that mental health problems can arise. As scientists aim to unlock why teenagers get anxious, and how infancy and upbringing are implicated, early intervention strategies are being refined to redirect harmful thoughts and teach … Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":298,"featured_media":1335,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"generate_page_header":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[10,12],"tags":[183,363,185,271],"class_list":["post-1334","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-brain-behavior","category-health","tag-anxiety","tag-kids","tag-mental-health","tag-teenagers"],"yoast_head":"\nDoes teenage anxiety have its roots in infancy? - Horizon Magazine Blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/scienceblog.com\/horizon\/1334\/does-teenage-anxiety-have-its-roots-in-infancy\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Does teenage anxiety have its roots in infancy?\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"The fact that teenagers worry isn\u2019t necessarily a concern \u2013 it\u2019s when the adolescent brain amplifies and distorts a simple worry that mental health problems can arise. 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By\u00a0\u00a0ALI JONES Media headlines lamenting spiralling levels of anxiety, depression, self-harm and suicide among Europe\u2019s teenagers make regular and uncomfortable reading. In recent years, news on this front seems\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Health"","block_context":{"text":"Health","link":"https:\/\/scienceblog.com\/horizon\/category\/health\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/scienceblog.com\/horizon\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2023\/03\/1.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/scienceblog.com\/horizon\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2023\/03\/1.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/scienceblog.com\/horizon\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2023\/03\/1.jpg?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/scienceblog.com\/horizon\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2023\/03\/1.jpg?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/scienceblog.com\/horizon\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2023\/03\/1.jpg?resize=1050%2C600&ssl=1 3x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/scienceblog.com\/horizon\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2023\/03\/1.jpg?resize=1400%2C800&ssl=1 4x"},"classes":[]},{"id":1326,"url":"https:\/\/scienceblog.com\/horizon\/1326\/what-anxiety-does-to-our-breathing\/","url_meta":{"origin":1334,"position":1},"title":"What anxiety does to our breathing","author":"Sandrine Ceurstemont","date":"June 22, 2020","format":false,"excerpt":"Stressful situations can cause anxiety, our body\u2019s natural response to stress. But feelings of apprehension can also be accompanied by physical effects such as rapid breathing, increased heart rate and nausea. How our brain perceives these physical changes \u2013 in particular, breathing \u2013 could be key to better understanding anxiety\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Health"","block_context":{"text":"Health","link":"https:\/\/scienceblog.com\/horizon\/category\/health\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"The way anxiety affects our perception of changes to our body, such as breathing, could pave the way for more targeted anxiety treatments. 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