{"id":1377,"date":"2020-08-05T14:32:44","date_gmt":"2020-08-05T14:32:44","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/horizon.peachpuff-wolverine-566518.hostingersite.com\/?p=1377"},"modified":"2020-08-05T14:32:44","modified_gmt":"2020-08-05T14:32:44","slug":"trade-and-climate-change-increase-pest-threat-to-europes-forests","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/scienceblog.com\/horizon\/1377\/trade-and-climate-change-increase-pest-threat-to-europes-forests\/","title":{"rendered":"Trade and climate change increase pest threat to Europe\u2019s forests"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Europe\u2019s forests face a growing threat from pests due to global trade and climate change,\u00a0<\/strong>but scientists are developing techniques that can give an early warning of infestations to help combat damaging insects and diseases.<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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Pests are responsible for damaging\u00a035 million hectares<\/a>\u00a0of forest around the world every year. In the Mediterranean region alone an area the size of Slovakia \u2013 five million hectares \u2013 is affected by pests annually, according to the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO).<\/p>\n

And the threat posed by insects and pathogens appears to be growing. Climate change is allowing some native pests to breed more frequently, while international trade is spreading exotic insects and pathogens more widely.<\/p>\n

Only a tiny proportion of exotic pests that arrive in Europe end up damaging trees. \u2018But these are very harmful, and there are more and more (of them),\u2019 said Dr Herv\u00e9 Jactel, director of research for forest entomology and biodiversity at the French National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment.<\/p>\n

On average,\u00a0six new species<\/a>\u00a0of tree pests are being introduced to Europe every year, up from two a year in the 1950s, says Dr Jactel. They arrive in potted plants and wooden products or packaging.<\/p>\n

Many of the emerging threats to Europe\u2019s forests originate in Asia.<\/p>\n

The emerald ash borer, for example, spread from Asia to the United States where it killed more than 150 million trees and may have cost more than\u00a0$10 billion in the last decade<\/a>. It is now knocking at Europe\u2019s door.<\/p>\n

\u2018We know it will kill all ash trees, or most of them,\u2019 said Dr Jactel, who is the coordinator of the\u00a0HOMED project<\/a>\u00a0which is developing new ways to detect such exotic pests early.<\/p>\n

The polyphagous shot-hole borer is another major threat. It can attack virtually all deciduous tree species in Europe, says Dr Jactel.<\/p>\n

\u2018It\u2019s a very, very dangerous tiny beetle,\u2019 he said. \u2018This is probably the next big issue for Europe.\u2019<\/p>\n

This little insect originated in Asia, spread to Israel, California, and then South Africa where it has killed hundreds of thousands of trees. In April this year it was discovered for the first time in\u00a0Italy<\/a>, in a tropical garden. There is no sign yet that it has spread anywhere else in Europe.<\/p>\n

Despite all of the countries affected by the beetle being on the alert for it, none were able to detect it until it had already caused damage, says Dr Jactel. The problem is spotting exotic pests and pathogens before they start\u00a0attacking\u00a0trees.<\/p>\n

Hundreds of thousands of containers filled with goods arrive in Europe\u2019s harbours and airports every day. Tiny insects or spores from fungal diseases can stow away in shipments containing wooden products, pallets or packaging, or live plants. The sheer number of shipments is overwhelming the resources of sanitary inspectors to detect insects and spores, says Dr Jactel.<\/p>\n

\u2018It\u2019s like finding a needle in a haystack.\u2019<\/p>\n

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The polyphagous shot-hole borer, which can attack virtually all deciduous trees, was first spotted in Europe in April this year. Credit: Ken Walker, licensed under CC 3.0<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Solutions<\/strong><\/p>\n

Once the containers are opened, pests can then easily escape to nearby trees. So increasing surveillance of trees growing around ports and airports is a good starting point, says Dr Jactel.<\/p>\n

Finding solutions to these pests is vital. Forests cover 43% of the EU\u2019s land area \u2013 182 million hectares in total \u2013 and growing. The forestry sector accounts for approximately 1% of EU GDP, and provides jobs for some\u00a02.6 million people<\/a>. If allowed to run rampant \u2013 without the natural predators found in their native habitats and among trees that have not evolved defences against them \u2013 the pests could be devastating.<\/p>\n

But new tools are also needed to alert inspectors to the presence of pests in containers before they can escape, he adds.<\/p>\n

The HOMED team are developing generic traps to attract a wide variety of insects. These will be placed in shipping containers before they set off from their country of origin, and in airports, harbours and train stations where the imports arrive.<\/p>\n

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Light traps placed in shipping containers can help capture novel insects on arrival in Europe. Image credit: Matteo Marchioro<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

The teams are also developing traps for fungal spores, and DNA tools and databases of species to help identify whether a spore is local or imported.<\/p>\n

The project is also planting\u00a0\u2018sentinel\u2019<\/a>\u00a0European trees in Asia, North America and elsewhere that can help scientists identify early which pests might pose a particular threat to European trees.<\/p>\n

For pests that have already taken hold in Europe, one possible solution is to import that pest\u2019s natural enemies from its country of origin, says Dr Jactel.<\/p>\n

Scientists in France and Switzerland are investigating whether the natural enemies of the destructive box tree moth \u2013 which has spread from China across Europe \u2013\u00a0 can be imported and used to contain it. But releasing this parasitic wasp to target the moths might bring other problems.<\/p>\n

\u2018We need to be very cautious to check the Chinese parasitoids won\u2019t affect European species,\u2019 said Dr Jactel.<\/p>\n

Native pests<\/strong><\/p>\n

Many threats to Europe\u2019s forests, however, are closer to home. A warming climate in many regions is helping some native pests to become more common.<\/p>\n

The bark beetle is one of the most damaging pests currently attacking Europe\u2019s forests, destroying spruce trees in Central Europe.<\/p>\n

The Czech Republic has had to cull so many infected trees in recent years the price of wood has plummeted as the resulting timber has been sold off, says Dr Julia Yag\u00fce, project manager of\u00a0My Sustainable Forest<\/a>\u00a0(MSF), which monitors the health of Europe\u2019s forests. Spruce trees take up to 140 years to fully grow, so the loss of so many trees will be felt for a long time.<\/p>\n

This is largely because warming temperatures have allowed the beetles to breed more frequently.<\/p>\n

\u2018Some 20 years ago, we\u2019d have one breeding cycle per summer, but nowadays we have up to four breeding cycles of bark beetle in the Czech Republic and southern Germany,\u2019 said Dr Yag\u00fce.<\/p>\n

Warmer, longer and drier summers also mean trees are more vulnerable to attack because the conditions leave them less able to cope with pests, she says.<\/p>\n

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Some 20 years ago, we\u2019d have one breeding cycle per summer, but nowadays we have up to four breeding cycles of bark beetle in the Czech Republic and southern Germany.<\/div>\n<\/blockquote>\n
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Scientists are creating variations of native spruce trees, which they hope will be more resistant to higher temperatures and drought, and so better able to fight off attacks from pests.<\/p>\n

But in the meantime, forests urgently need closer monitoring, says Dr Yag\u00fce. Forest managers usually take an inventory once every five to ten years.<\/p>\n

\u2018Because climate change is pressuring so hard, we need to update our data on forests much more often,\u2019 she said.<\/p>\n

The most efficient way to monitor large forests is with satellite observations, which can help detect the early warning signs of trees that are under water or heat stress, and so are more susceptible to attack.<\/p>\n

They can also allow forest managers to spot the first signs of an infestation, such as dryness, loss of foliage, or dieback.<\/p>\n

\u2018With remote sensing from satellites we can spot this sickness before even the human eye can detect it,\u2019 said Dr Yag\u00fce, who is a remote sensing expert at the Spanish aerospace company GMV.<\/p>\n

MSF\u2019s job of gathering data became easier with the launch of Europe\u2019s\u00a0Copernicus satellites<\/a>\u00a0in 2014, and the development of technology able to process huge amounts of information.<\/p>\n

MSF now receives snapshots of Europe\u2019s forests every five days instead of every 15 to 30 days before Copernicus. \u2018We get this information for free,\u2019 said Dr Yag\u00fce.<\/p>\n

But there is another crucial element to improving the health of Europe\u2019s forests which is much closer to home.<\/p>\n

Many of Europe\u2019s forests have been abandoned. While they were once carefully managed landscapes, as people moved to cities, \u2018the knowledge of living together with nature has been lost\u2019, said Dr Yag\u00fce. \u2018Recovering this is super important.\u2019<\/p>\n

The research in this article was funded by the EU. If you liked this article, please consider sharing it on social media.<\/em><\/p>\n

This article was originally published on Horizon magazine<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Europe\u2019s forests face a growing threat from pests due to global trade and climate change,\u00a0but scientists are developing techniques that can give an early warning of infestations to help combat damaging insects and diseases. Pests are responsible for damaging\u00a035 million hectares\u00a0of forest around the world every year. In the Mediterranean region alone an area the … Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":298,"featured_media":1380,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"generate_page_header":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[11],"tags":[4,367,366,346],"class_list":["post-1377","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-earth-energy-environment","tag-environment","tag-forests","tag-pest","tag-trees"],"yoast_head":"\nTrade and climate change increase pest threat to Europe\u2019s forests - Horizon Magazine Blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/scienceblog.com\/horizon\/1377\/trade-and-climate-change-increase-pest-threat-to-europes-forests\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Trade and climate change increase pest threat to Europe\u2019s forests\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Europe\u2019s forests face a growing threat from pests due to global trade and climate change,\u00a0but scientists are developing techniques that can give an early warning of infestations to help combat damaging insects and diseases. 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