{"id":1389,"date":"2020-08-10T14:29:26","date_gmt":"2020-08-10T14:29:26","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/horizon.peachpuff-wolverine-566518.hostingersite.com\/?p=1389"},"modified":"2020-08-10T14:29:26","modified_gmt":"2020-08-10T14:29:26","slug":"moonquakes-and-marsquakes-how-we-peer-inside-other-worlds","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/scienceblog.com\/horizon\/1389\/moonquakes-and-marsquakes-how-we-peer-inside-other-worlds\/","title":{"rendered":"Moonquakes and marsquakes: How we peer inside other worlds"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Eavesdropping on the shudders and groans echoing deep inside alien worlds like Mars and the moon is revealing what lies far beneath their surfaces and could teach us more about how our own planet formed.<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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On Earth, we can feel and see the often terrifying results of the tectonic plates shifting beneath our feet. As they grind together, they generate earthquakes that produce seismic waves that reverberate through layers of rock, magma and metal deep inside our planet.<\/p>\n

Scientists can monitor these seismic waves using a variety of instruments that pick up even faint vibrations passing through the Earth\u2019s crust and core. Studying how the behaviour of these waves changes as they pass through our planet\u2019s interior, reveals details about what lies deep inside the Earth, far out of our sight.<\/p>\n

But Earth is not the only place in our solar system that experiences seismic activity. Both Mars and the moon also experience quakes \u2013 although for different reasons than here on Earth. Seismometers deployed on the moon and \u2013 more recently \u2013 on Mars, are allowing researchers to probe the interiors of both of these distant worlds.<\/p>\n

The results show that while on the surface Earth, Mars and the moon are not alike, beneath it they have more in common than might be suspected, but with some striking differences.<\/p>\n

Moonquakes<\/strong><\/p>\n

Moonquakes \u2013 as they are known on the moon \u2013 are produced as a result of meteoroids hitting the surface or by the gravitational pull of the Earth squeezing and stretching the moon\u2019s interior, in a similar way to the moon\u2019s tidal pull on Earth\u2019s oceans. As the lunar interior cools, it is also causing the moon to shrink and shrivel like a raisin, causing other quakes as\u00a0the crust buckles and breaks.<\/a>\u00a0Heat from the sun can also produce\u00a0thermal quakes<\/a>\u00a0due to the temperature difference in the lunar crust as the moon emerges from its night.<\/p>\n

Five seismometers have been deployed on the moon, left by astronauts during the Apollo missions between 1969 to 1972. The\u00a0first lunar seismometer<\/a>\u00a0was set up by Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin on the Apollo 11 mission. After deploying the instrument, Aldrin stamped on the lunar surface to check it was working \u2013 with the instrument picking up the waves produced by his foot.<\/p>\n

The other four seismometers were left by subsequent missions and they were operated until 1977, five years after the final Apollo astronauts set foot on the lunar surface. But some 43 years later, their data is still being pored over by scientists.<\/p>\n

SeisMo<\/a>\u00a0is one project that recently re-analysed the data. \u2018We were trying to apply a technique which is used quite commonly on Earth,\u2019 said Dr Ceri Nunn, from NASA\u2019s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in California, US, the lead scientist on the project. \u2018If you cross-correlate the noise between stations, you can actually see waves travelling between them. The first station is a source, and the second station is a receiver.\u2019<\/p>\n

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A total of five seismometers were manually placed on the moon between 1969 and 1972, including one positioned by Apollo 12 astronaut Alan Bean in 1969. Image credit – NASA<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n

Unfortunately, Dr Nunn was unable to pick up similar patterns in the data from the moon. But that failure revealed something else about the moon \u2013 namely that it doesn\u2019t appear to have surface waves, which get trapped in the upper layers of rock and bounce around. \u2018That wave doesn\u2019t seem to exist on the moon,\u2019 said Dr Nunn.<\/p>\n

This suggests the upper layer of the moon\u2019s surface is likely highly fractured, and up to 100 kilometres thick, both of which disturb the movement of seismic waves across the surface. \u2018This highly fractured layer is changing the way that seismic waves behave,\u2019 said Dr Nunn.<\/p>\n

Currently there are no active seismometers on the moon. But there are proposals to send new seismometers back to the lunar surface in future missions.<\/p>\n

\u2018We\u2019re interested in using much smaller seismometers, possibly being delivered by penetrators, which are almost like missile-shaped objects,\u2019 said Dr Nunn. \u2018You put a very small seismometer in the back and then launch them either from a descending lander or directly from Earth.\u2019<\/p>\n

Questions<\/strong><\/p>\n

Putting new seismometers on the moon could answer several outstanding questions, such as why there are large structural differences between the near side of the moon that points towards us and the far side that points away.<\/p>\n

\u2018(That could be) related to the internal structure,\u2019 said Dr Nunn. \u2018There\u2019s a theory (the moon) was hit again after it formed by another moon, and that\u2019s why you get this strange asymmetry. Exploring the internal structure would be interesting. And on top of that we\u2019d like to constrain how thick the core is.\u2019<\/p>\n

Understanding this could help to prove theories about how these early, cataclysmic impacts around the time the Earth and moon were forming helped to determine the structures they have today.<\/p>\n

On Mars, however, things are a bit different. Marsquakes are produced not by tidal interactions, but by the planet cooling and contracting, producing deep stresses. Meteoroid impacts are believed to play a part too, just like on the moon, sending seismic waves around the planet.<\/p>\n

The existence of marsquakes had never been proven until researchers landed a seismometer on the red planet in 2018 as part of NASA\u2019s InSight mission. The InSight Mars lander detected the\u00a0first-ever definitive marsquake<\/a>\u00a0on 6 April 2019 using its Seismic Experiment for Interior Structure (SEIS) instrument, which had been gently placed on the surface by the lander\u2019s robotic arm shortly after it touched down on 26 November 2018. Since then about 500 subsequent events have also been detected.<\/p>\n

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Since researchers landed a seismometer on Mars in 2018 as part of NASA\u2019s InSight mission, it has recorded around 500 seismic events on the planet. Image credit – NASA\/JPL-Caltech<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Volcanic activity<\/strong><\/p>\n

While most of the marsquakes have been relatively small, some of these have been large enough \u2013 almost\u00a0equivalent to a magnitude 4 earthquake\u00a0<\/a>\u2013 to be traced back to their source, an area known as Cerberus Fossae, about 1,600 kilometres east of InSight. It is thought the quakes there are being caused by the build-up of stress as fractures in the Martian crust are stretched, possibly by volcanic activity.<\/p>\n

While the larger quakes appear to originate from the mantle beneath the Martian crust, the smaller marsquakes are thought to begin in the crust itself. The velocity of seismic waves in the upper Martian crust, however, in the first eight to 11 kilometres, seems to be about 50% lower than in similar rocks on Earth.<\/p>\n

Researchers who are part of the\u00a0GeoInSight<\/a>\u00a0project have been studying the geology of the surface around the InSight landing site to understand more about what might be going on. They used images and data from NASA\u2019s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) to study the Elysium Planitia area before InSight arrived.<\/p>\n

The images revealed that there are lava flows 200 to 300 metres beneath the lander, according to Dr Lu Pan from the University of Copenhagen, Denmark, the project coordinator on GeoInsight. \u2018But beneath those lava flows, we have sedimentary rocks and clay-bearing rocks a few kilometres in depth,\u2019 she said.<\/p>\n

This layering is one explanation for the lower velocity of the seismic waves, says Dr Pan, because sedimentary rocks have a high porosity that could slow the waves down. Another possibility is that the upper crust has been heavily damaged and fractured by meteorite impacts and other processes, producing more resistance for the waves.<\/p>\n

The findings also have implications for some of InSight\u2019s other results, noted Dr Pan. \u2018For example, one of the exciting discoveries of InSight was the magnetic field, (which was) ten times more than we observed from orbit,\u2019 she said. \u2018Having established the stratigraphy (the layering of the rocks), we could help put some constraints on where the magnetic field came from \u2013 stratigraphy from before 3.9 billion years (ago).\u2019<\/p>\n

Humming<\/strong><\/p>\n

While InSight will continue to probe the interior of Mars with its SEIS instrument, scientists are keen to also unravel the mystery of a strange reading it has been picking up.<\/p>\n

\u2018There\u2019s this humming at a specific frequency that occurs when there\u2019s another event,\u2019 said Dr Pan. \u2018We don\u2019t really understand what it is. Sometimes when there\u2019s a quake, we see that humming come afterwards. We don\u2019t really have a good analogue on Earth.\u2019<\/p>\n

As InSight and its instruments listen into to the inner workings of the red planet, it might help reveal the source of this hum and reveal what really lies deep inside this alien world.<\/p>\n

The research in this article was funded by the EU. If you liked this article, please consider sharing it on social media.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Eavesdropping on the shudders and groans echoing deep inside alien worlds like Mars and the moon is revealing what lies far beneath their surfaces and could teach us more about how our own planet formed. On Earth, we can feel and see the often terrifying results of the tectonic plates shifting beneath our feet. As … Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":298,"featured_media":1392,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"generate_page_header":"","_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[15],"tags":[169,81,230,35],"class_list":["post-1389","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-space","tag-frontier-research","tag-mars","tag-moon","tag-space"],"yoast_head":"\nMoonquakes and marsquakes: How we peer inside other worlds - Horizon Magazine Blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/scienceblog.com\/horizon\/1389\/moonquakes-and-marsquakes-how-we-peer-inside-other-worlds\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Moonquakes and marsquakes: How we peer inside other worlds\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Eavesdropping on the shudders and groans echoing deep inside alien worlds like Mars and the moon is revealing what lies far beneath their surfaces and could teach us more about how our own planet formed. 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