{"id":148,"date":"2018-02-20T16:30:09","date_gmt":"2018-02-20T16:30:09","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/horizon.peachpuff-wolverine-566518.hostingersite.com\/?p=148"},"modified":"2018-05-29T23:45:13","modified_gmt":"2018-05-29T23:45:13","slug":"why-get-a-filling-when-you-could-print-a-new-smile","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/scienceblog.com\/horizon\/148\/why-get-a-filling-when-you-could-print-a-new-smile\/","title":{"rendered":"Why get a filling when you could print a new smile?"},"content":{"rendered":"

by\u00a0Ethan Bilby<\/p>\n

Twinges. Painful teeth. About one in 10 people suffer from dental sensitivity caused by worn enamel. But rather than providing short-term solutions like special toothpastes or fillings, new techniques could print whole new layers of enamel onto teeth \u2013 or even stimulate the body to grow new ones.<\/strong><\/h3>\n
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Dr Antonios Anastasiou wants to be able to print you a new tooth. He\u2019s not there yet, but a collaboration of material scientists, laser engineers and clinicians at the University of Leeds in the UK, have reached an important milestone along the way. They can print new layers of enamel onto the surface of teeth, preventing the exposure of tiny holes called dentine tubules, that can cause wincing sensitivity to hot and cold as well as become breeding grounds for the bacteria that cause cavities.<\/p>\n

Right now, the materials that dentists use to repair enamel can\u2019t provide more than a temporary fix. They fade with time, and leave voids that bacteria can get to.<\/p>\n

The technology being explored by Dr Anastasiou should overcome these problems. \u2018We use a material similar to the natural mineral of teeth like hydroxyapatite or some other type of calcium phosphate,\u2019 Dr Anastasiou explained.<\/p>\n

That new material can be printed onto teeth using a femtosecond laser, which heats up small iron oxide nanoparticles in the material to bond it to the existing dental surface. The small heating area avoids damaging the surrounding tooth. They can also add cerium and other exotic elements to the mix to give the new material antibacterial properties.<\/p>\n

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\u2018What we are doing is figuring out how to prevent bacteria from colonising the surface.\u2019<\/p>\n

Dr Antonios Anastasiou, University of Leeds, UK<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

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\u2018Not only can we restore enamel with a material similar to the original mineral of teeth, we can also improve it. What we are doing is figuring out how to prevent bacteria from colonising the surface,\u2019 said Dr Anastasiou.<\/p>\n

His solution is also longer lasting. While current restoration materials like resins can shrink over time or with temperature, his material does not. It is also a material that makes it easy for gums to reattach to, helping to prevent an infection of the gums around the mouth known as periodontitis.<\/p>\n

Right now, the technique is being trialled as an appliance in dental schools to make sure that there are no long-term side effects and that it can hold up to the rigours of daily life.<\/p>\n

\u2018Some patients have it in their mouth and are taking care of it, brushing it, and having it on during eating. If these tests are positive then we can go on to clinical studies,\u2019 he said.<\/p>\n

Sensitivity<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ultimately, the printed enamel could be out in the marketplace in about five years, and could help those who suffer from worn enamel enjoy hot and cold drinks without sensitivity.<\/p>\n

\u2018One of our professors said that he got into the research because he wanted to enjoy his whisky with ice,\u2019 Dr Anastatiou joked.<\/p>\n

Printing tooth repairs is one thing, but what if your body could be stimulated to regrow a tooth that is lost or damaged?<\/p>\n

That\u2019s the aim of Dr Igor Adameyko\u00a0from the Medical University of Vienna, Austria, who is trying to uncover the secret of how to induce the formation of new teeth using stem cells.<\/p>\n

But to do that, he first needed a map.<\/p>\n

\u2018For a long time, nobody knew how many cell types and subtypes live in teeth. This knowledge is essential to understand how this organ is developing, growing, and maintaining itself,\u2019 said Dr Adameyko.<\/p>\n

To undertake such a cell census, he used a process known as single-cell transcriptomics. This new method can break down cells one by one, measuring the RNA \u2013 a key molecule similar to DNA that controls which genetic instructions are put into action \u2013 of thousands of cells at the same time.<\/p>\n

By examining the RNA blueprint of a cell, researchers can figure out what its type and function is. Through that painstaking process, the team has built up an atlas of all the cell types that live in teeth which has also helped him understand how different types of cells interact.<\/p>\n

\u2018Cells exchange signals, and these are not some kind of ethereal signals, but quite material. Molecules are made and secreted, and some cells have receptors that can bind to these molecules. We can actually see these pairs in the data set and predict these interactions,\u2019 he said.<\/p>\n

Glial cells<\/strong><\/p>\n

Armed with that knowledge, his team has honed in on what controls the life and death of a tooth, as well as what controls the conversion of cells known as glial cells, a type of cell that surrounds and insulates neurons, into dental stem cells that can grow teeth.<\/p>\n

Teeth originate from two different types of embryonic tissue \u2013 epithelia, which generates cells producing enamel, and mesenchyme which can become bone or the living tissue inside the tooth which is called dental pulp.<\/p>\n

Dr Adameyko and his team have also been investigating dental development and regeneration in mice, whose teeth grow throughout their lives because they feed on hard food. Using special chemical manipulation they made the mice\u2019s teeth transparent and watched what happened to the tracked glial cells.<\/p>\n

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\"Dr
Dr Adameyko’s team made mice teeth transparent and tracked what happened to the cells inside. Image credit – Medical University of Vienna<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n

\u2018We saw that glial cells are able to convert into mesenchymal stem cells, maybe because the amount of stem cells mice are born with weren\u2019t enough,\u2019 said Dr Adameyko. \u2018It could be a backup mechanism.\u2019<\/p>\n

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\"The
The tip (right) of a mouse incisor is always sharp because it is being constantly ground. The whole tooth is renewed within a few weeks from the growth area (left). Image credit – Medical University of Vienna<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n

Such knowledge could help the team figure out how to activate glial cells to convert into new stem cells in humans, to grow new roots for regenerating live teeth or crafting a new nerve for a dental implant.<\/p>\n

\u2018If this exists in human teeth, by doing this we will be able to find some molecules that strengthen the tooth\u2019s reparative response,\u2019 Dr Adameyko said.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

by\u00a0Ethan Bilby Twinges. Painful teeth. About one in 10 people suffer from dental sensitivity caused by worn enamel. But rather than providing short-term solutions like special toothpastes or fillings, new techniques could print whole new layers of enamel onto teeth \u2013 or even stimulate the body to grow new ones. Dr Antonios Anastasiou wants to … Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":298,"featured_media":149,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"generate_page_header":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[12],"tags":[116,117,79,24],"class_list":["post-148","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-health","tag-biotechnology","tag-dentistry","tag-research","tag-science"],"yoast_head":"\nWhy get a filling when you could print a new smile? - Horizon Magazine Blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/scienceblog.com\/horizon\/148\/why-get-a-filling-when-you-could-print-a-new-smile\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Why get a filling when you could print a new smile?\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"by\u00a0Ethan Bilby Twinges. Painful teeth. About one in 10 people suffer from dental sensitivity caused by worn enamel. But rather than providing short-term solutions like special toothpastes or fillings, new techniques could print whole new layers of enamel onto teeth \u2013 or even stimulate the body to grow new ones. Dr Antonios Anastasiou wants to ... 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Now EU scientists are investigating whether good oral hygiene can also protect us from\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Health"","block_context":{"text":"Health","link":"https:\/\/scienceblog.com\/horizon\/category\/health\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/scienceblog.com\/horizon\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2022\/03\/mar-6.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/scienceblog.com\/horizon\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2022\/03\/mar-6.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/scienceblog.com\/horizon\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2022\/03\/mar-6.jpg?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x"},"classes":[]},{"id":192,"url":"https:\/\/scienceblog.com\/horizon\/192\/climate-sensitivity-reducing-the-uncertainty-of-uncertainty\/","url_meta":{"origin":148,"position":1},"title":"Climate sensitivity – reducing the uncertainty of uncertainty","author":"Jon Cartwright","date":"March 15, 2018","format":false,"excerpt":"Global warming is a reality \u2013 but just how bad will it be? 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The\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Earth, Energy & Environment"","block_context":{"text":"Earth, Energy & Environment","link":"https:\/\/scienceblog.com\/horizon\/category\/earth-energy-environment\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"New research aims at making climate change prediction more accurate.","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/scienceblog.com\/horizon\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2018\/03\/climate-change-2241061_1920.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/scienceblog.com\/horizon\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2018\/03\/climate-change-2241061_1920.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/scienceblog.com\/horizon\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2018\/03\/climate-change-2241061_1920.jpg?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/scienceblog.com\/horizon\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2018\/03\/climate-change-2241061_1920.jpg?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/scienceblog.com\/horizon\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2018\/03\/climate-change-2241061_1920.jpg?resize=1050%2C600&ssl=1 3x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/scienceblog.com\/horizon\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2018\/03\/climate-change-2241061_1920.jpg?resize=1400%2C800&ssl=1 4x"},"classes":[]},{"id":95,"url":"https:\/\/scienceblog.com\/horizon\/95\/skeleton-teeth-and-historical-photography-are-retelling-the-story-of-the-plague\/","url_meta":{"origin":148,"position":2},"title":"Skeleton teeth and historical photography are retelling the story of the plague","author":"Aisling Irwin","date":"January 16, 2018","format":false,"excerpt":"New portraits of the evolution of some of history\u2019s deadliest pandemics have been created through analysis of thousands of skeletons and new collections of historical photographs - and the results could indicate how similar diseases may evolve in the future. Genetic material from infectious diseases such as tuberculosis and the\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Health"","block_context":{"text":"Health","link":"https:\/\/scienceblog.com\/horizon\/category\/health\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"Scientists have unearthed photographs taken in countries including China during third plague pandemic, which killed 12 million people between the mid-19th and mid-20th centuries.","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/scienceblog.com\/horizon\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2018\/01\/Plague_Workers_Mukden_Manchuria_crop.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/scienceblog.com\/horizon\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2018\/01\/Plague_Workers_Mukden_Manchuria_crop.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/scienceblog.com\/horizon\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2018\/01\/Plague_Workers_Mukden_Manchuria_crop.jpg?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/scienceblog.com\/horizon\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2018\/01\/Plague_Workers_Mukden_Manchuria_crop.jpg?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":2461,"url":"https:\/\/scienceblog.com\/horizon\/2461\/prehistoric-animals-offer-new-evolutionary-hints-as-riddles-persist\/","url_meta":{"origin":148,"position":3},"title":"Prehistoric animals offer new evolutionary hints as riddles persist","author":"Horizon Magazine","date":"August 17, 2023","format":false,"excerpt":"In the prehistoric times of Neanderthals and early modern humans, one of Europe\u2019s largest-ever bear species roamed the land and inhabited its caves. But the cave bear, weighing up to one tonne, died out some 25 000 years ago. Its bones have been found in caves located from England to\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Earth, Energy & Environment"","block_context":{"text":"Earth, Energy & Environment","link":"https:\/\/scienceblog.com\/horizon\/category\/earth-energy-environment\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/scienceblog.com\/horizon\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2023\/08\/ZDENEK1-scaled.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/scienceblog.com\/horizon\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2023\/08\/ZDENEK1-scaled.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/scienceblog.com\/horizon\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2023\/08\/ZDENEK1-scaled.jpg?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/scienceblog.com\/horizon\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2023\/08\/ZDENEK1-scaled.jpg?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/scienceblog.com\/horizon\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2023\/08\/ZDENEK1-scaled.jpg?resize=1050%2C600&ssl=1 3x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/scienceblog.com\/horizon\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2023\/08\/ZDENEK1-scaled.jpg?resize=1400%2C800&ssl=1 4x"},"classes":[]},{"id":1469,"url":"https:\/\/scienceblog.com\/horizon\/1469\/lightweight-bendy-cheaper-the-promise-of-organic-solar-panels\/","url_meta":{"origin":148,"position":4},"title":"Lightweight, bendy, cheaper \u2013 the promise of organic solar panels","author":"Horizon Magazine","date":"October 12, 2020","format":false,"excerpt":"Today\u2019s silicon solar panels are an industry standard, but these rigid, heavy blocks may be shunted aside by plastic rivals \u2013 lightweight, flexible solar panels that could be printed and stuck onto buildings or placed in windows or cars, turning light into electricity in locations inaccessible to their heavier cousins.\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Earth, Energy & Environment"","block_context":{"text":"Earth, Energy & Environment","link":"https:\/\/scienceblog.com\/horizon\/category\/earth-energy-environment\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"Organic 'solar trees', demonstrated at Expo 15 in Milan, Italy, give a glimpse of lightweight, flexible solar cells in action. 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By \u00a0Michael Allen They are a fixture of almost every novelty T-shirt shop: humorous pictorials of human evolution, five figures in silhouette \u2013 from ape to human \u2013 usually with the last replaced\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Social Sciences"","block_context":{"text":"Social Sciences","link":"https:\/\/scienceblog.com\/horizon\/category\/social-sciences\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/scienceblog.com\/horizon\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2023\/10\/30-scaled.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/scienceblog.com\/horizon\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2023\/10\/30-scaled.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/scienceblog.com\/horizon\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2023\/10\/30-scaled.jpg?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/scienceblog.com\/horizon\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2023\/10\/30-scaled.jpg?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/scienceblog.com\/horizon\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2023\/10\/30-scaled.jpg?resize=1050%2C600&ssl=1 3x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/scienceblog.com\/horizon\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2023\/10\/30-scaled.jpg?resize=1400%2C800&ssl=1 4x"},"classes":[]}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/scienceblog.com\/horizon\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/148","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/scienceblog.com\/horizon\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/scienceblog.com\/horizon\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/scienceblog.com\/horizon\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/298"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/scienceblog.com\/horizon\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=148"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/scienceblog.com\/horizon\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/148\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/scienceblog.com\/horizon\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/149"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/scienceblog.com\/horizon\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=148"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/scienceblog.com\/horizon\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=148"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/scienceblog.com\/horizon\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=148"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}