{"id":1559,"date":"2021-01-06T08:35:22","date_gmt":"2021-01-06T08:35:22","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/horizon.peachpuff-wolverine-566518.hostingersite.com\/?p=1559"},"modified":"2021-01-06T08:35:22","modified_gmt":"2021-01-06T08:35:22","slug":"2021-beyond-coronavirus-whats-in-store-for-science-in-the-year-ahead","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/scienceblog.com\/horizon\/1559\/2021-beyond-coronavirus-whats-in-store-for-science-in-the-year-ahead\/","title":{"rendered":"2021: Beyond coronavirus – what\u2019s in store for science in the year ahead?"},"content":{"rendered":"
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There was one science story that dominated 2020 and coronavirus is likely to remain a dominant theme in 2021. But from vaccine rollout to lessons for future pandemics and \u2013 that other big challenge that we\u2019re facing \u2013 climate change, how will the year in science play out? We asked a selection of our interviewees about lessons from 2020 and what needs to happen in their fields in the coming year.<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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 <\/p>\n

VACCINE ROLLOUT<\/strong><\/p>\n

To vaccinate people, supply chain disruptions must be fixed \u2013 Prof. Gy\u00f6ngyi Kov\u00e1cs<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u2018Now that we have vaccines, it\u2019s time to think about vaccination \u2013 and that\u2019s a massive effort with regards to securing temperature control from manufacturing to vaccine use,\u2019 said humanitarian logistician, Professor Gy\u00f6ngyi Kov\u00e1cs of the Hanken School of Economics in Helsinki, Finland. \u2018Every (coronavirus) vaccine has its own temperature range, and no country or region has an actual choice of what they want to deliver; it\u2019s what they manage to get in time,\u2019 she said. \u2018This needs to be a global effort, and one that truly considers equity in health around the world.\u2019<\/p>\n

Properly functioning supply chains are crucial not just for coronavirus vaccinations, but also to keep the world moving and tackle multiple new and existing challenges, some exacerbated by the pandemic, such as conflict, food security and climate change. \u2018The pandemic came on top of those but hasn\u2019t eliminated any of them,\u2019 she said.<\/p>\n

READ:\u00a0<\/strong>Lack of solidarity hampered Europe\u2019s coronavirus response, research finds<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

The coronavirus vaccine campaigns must be done well to build public trust \u2013 Prof. Heidi Larson<\/strong><\/p>\n

Coronavirus vaccine campaigns are high on the global agenda, with countries gearing up to vaccinate their populations. \u2018The one big change in my field \u2013 understanding the dynamics of vaccine confidence \u2014 will be the introduction and roll-out of new Covid vaccines,\u2019 said anthropologist Professor Heidi Larson, director of the\u00a0Vaccine Confidence Project<\/a>\u00a0and of the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, UK.<\/p>\n

\u2018It will be crucial to creating foundational trust for vaccines more broadly if we do it well, engaging publics every step of the way.\u2019<\/p>\n

READ:\u00a0<\/strong>Q&A: Talking about the \u2018race\u2019 for a coronavirus vaccine could reduce public confidence<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

We must get used to concepts such as probability to understand vaccine and coronavirus responses \u2013 Dr Aleksandra Walczak<\/strong><\/p>\n

Dr Aleksandra Walczak, a physicist at\u00a0the Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) in Paris, France, who uses statistical physics to study the human immune system, will be watching people\u2019s and Sars-Cov-2 responses to the different vaccines as well as further coronavirus findings. \u2018It will also be interesting to see where the flu virus picks up, which seems to be less visible this year,\u2019 she said.<\/p>\n

In 2020, we\u2019ve learnt how coronavirus grows and spreads and we\u2019ve all come to understand infection curves and when hospitals will saturate. In 2021, we need to better understand atypical responses \u2013 to coronavirus and to the vaccines \u2013 and learn to think in terms of probabilities. \u2018We don\u2019t know really yet what is a typical response to coronavirus,\u2019 Dr Walczak pointed out. For example, asymptomatic cases were initially thought to be outliers and we now know they are quite common.<\/p>\n

\u2018We should not panic (as society) if there are some people who respond badly (to a vaccine),\u2019 said Dr Walczak. We, as society, with the help of journalists will have to learn not to focus on uncommon responses, after we understand what those are, she says.<\/p>\n

READ:\u00a0<\/strong>Q&A: How physics could explain why people respond differently to coronavirus infection<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

FUTURE PANDEMICS<\/strong><\/p>\n

The EU should urgently establish a health emergency authority \u2013 Peter Piot<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u2018The Covid-19 pandemic pointed to the limitations of an ad-hoc approach to health crises: pre-established networks, systems and infrastructure would have enabled a more rapid and coordinated response \u2013 crucial in the early phase of an outbreak,\u2019 said Professor Peter Piot, director of the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine in the UK, and a special advisor on coronavirus to European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen.<\/p>\n

Stronger EU-level collaboration within an international context is essential, he says. \u2018This is why we urgently need to establish an\u00a0EU Health Emergency Preparedness and Response Authority<\/a>\u00a0(HERA), which should support the development and manufacturing of tools against epidemic threats, present and future.\u2019<\/p>\n

READ:\u00a0<\/strong>Q&A: \u2018We are only at the beginning of the coronavirus pandemic\u2019 \u2013 Prof. Peter Piot<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

We need an \u2018Apollo project\u2019 to plan for future pandemics – Marion Koopmans<\/strong><\/p>\n

By the summer, we should see coronavirus vaccination campaigns in different stages, and with massive ramping up of testing and creative planning by businesses and citizens, there should be more freedom to move, says Professor Marion Koopmans, head of the viroscience department at Erasmus University Medical Centre in Rotterdam, the Netherlands. \u2018With that, I think we are going to see light at the end of the (pandemic) tunnel,\u2019 she said.<\/p>\n

At the same time, she hopes it\u2019ll be a time of reflection, forward planning and rethinking the future. \u2018Science was able to move fast because of investments in basic knowledge decades ago,\u2019 she said, but warns that this won\u2019t be the last pandemic. \u2018The changes impacting on our planet will inevitably lead to new diseases,\u2019 Prof. Koopmans said. \u2018Let\u2019s make our ability to predict, detect, and control future pandemics our Apollo project.\u2019<\/p>\n

READ:\u00a0<\/strong>Q&A: We have to rethink disease detection to get ahead of the outbreak after coronavirus<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

CORONAVIRUS FALLOUT<\/strong><\/p>\n

We need Europe-wide studies into the pandemic\u2019s impact on vulnerable communities \u2013 Prof. David Baldwin<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u2018We need (Europe-wide) endeavours to understand the differential adverse impact of the pandemic on individuals with previous mental health problems or from Black and minority ethnic communities,\u2019 said Professor David Baldwin, head of the mental health group at the University of Southampton, UK.<\/p>\n

This includes examining how personal factors – such as socio-economic disadvantage, poor nutrition and vitamin D deficiency – interact with sociocultural factors, including stigma, multi-generation housing and impaired access to mental health services, he says.<\/p>\n

READ:\u00a0<\/strong>Q&A: When and how does anxiety become a problem?<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

We\u2019ll \u2018unlock a new era\u2019 in finding molecules to treat rare and neglected diseases – Dr Andrea Beccari<\/strong><\/p>\n

Dr Andrea Beccari from Domp\u00e9 Pharmaceuticals in Italy manages the drug discovery platform\u00a0Exscalate4CoV<\/a>, which used AI to trawl through known drug molecules to find potential coronavirus treatments. He says safe molecules of existing drugs, nutraceutical and natural products present a bounty of opportunities to develop new chemical entities for treating neglected, rare and pandemic-level diseases.<\/p>\n

\u2018New development in artificial intelligence on big data and large-scale simulations enabled by the European HPC (high-performance computing) infrastructure will unlock a new era for the valorisation of clinical grade molecules,\u2019 he said. Such molecules are a world heritage, says Dr Beccari, that must be exploited to address timely and costly health societal challenges.<\/p>\n

READ:\u00a0<\/strong>Repurposing drugs and networks can help find outbreak treatments against the clock<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

Plans for post-pandemic economic recovery should be focused on the environment \u2013 Prof. Frank Geels<\/strong><\/p>\n

In 2021, the socioeconomic consequences of the pandemic, such as dampened economic growth and rising unemployment, could threaten the sustainability and low-carbon transitions in many sectors and countries, says Professor Frank Geels, a sustainability expert at the University of Manchester, in the UK.<\/p>\n

While the European Commission and countries such as Spain, France and Germany have green recovery plans that aim to \u2018build back better\u2019, many other governments around the world are directing support money towards \u2018grey\u2019 sectors, he says. These sectors include aviation, fossil fuel production and car manufacturing. In such countries, the work of NGOs, activists, private companies, and cities will be critical. \u2018The efforts of non-state actors will therefore remain essential to advance sustainability transitions,\u2019 he said.<\/p>\n

READ:\u00a0<\/strong>Can the world emerge from the pandemic a better place?<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

Governments must help people adapt to a more digital life – Xabier Goenaga<\/strong><\/p>\n

During the pandemic, many things \u2013 from school and shopping to museum visits and exercise classes \u2013\u00a0 went online-only and at least some of this is expected to stick. But many citizens need to be better equipped with the digital and socio-emotional skills to deal with telework, e-government, internet shopping and digital platforms, says Xabier Goenaga, head of the Knowledge, Innovation and Growth unit at the EU\u2019s in-house research service, the Joint Research Centre. The tools to help exist, he says. \u2018But we need decisive action from governments, companies and schools to implement ambitious programmes.\u2019<\/p>\n

People will also need the skills to become more flexible and resilient, he says. \u2018These social and emotional skills will not only improve their well-being but also their opportunities in the job market.\u2019<\/p>\n

READ:\u00a0<\/strong>Teleworking is here to stay \u2013 here\u2019s what it means for the future of work<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

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BEYOND CORONAVIRUS<\/strong><\/p>\n

Humanities should join the ranks of climate change research \u2013 Dr Kristin Aunan<\/strong><\/p>\n

Dr Kristin Aunan, from the Centre for International Climate Research in Norway, expects researchers working in different environmental areas to work together to understand the interlinkages between global warming, air pollution,\u00a0ocean health and human health. Increasingly, the close links between human, social and Earth systems are being acknowledged, she says, which she thinks means more transdisciplinary research collaboration.<\/p>\n

\u2018Particularly, I think the time is ripe for the humanities to join research consortia on climate change in full,\u2019 she said, as we need to further understand the behavioural dimension to make research relevant and have an impact. \u2018Understanding what triggers human initiative and action is crucial.\u2019<\/p>\n

READ:\u00a0Q&A: China and Europe likely to see different effect of coronavirus-related air pollution drop<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

An \u2018explosion\u2019 of satellite data will create a paradigm shift in how we understand forests \u2013 Dr Thomas Pugh<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u2018I expect 2021 to see an explosion in results from recent satellite missions providing unprecedented levels of spatial detail of forest structure across whole continents,\u2019 said Dr Thomas Pugh, an environmental scientist at Lund University, Sweden, referring to the missions\u00a0GEDI<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0Planet<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u2018Combined with advances in computer modelling and new assemblages of ground-based observations, I think we\u2019re on the cusp of a paradigm shift in quantifying how forests\u2019 form and behaviour varies across the world.\u2019<\/p>\n

This is critical for an accurate understanding of the world\u2019s forest carbon sink \u2013 where it is, how strong it is, and how resilient to climate change it is likely to be. \u2018Right now, the error bars on that sink are enormous.\u2019<\/p>\n

READ:\u00a0Understanding why trees are dying may be key to locking up carbon<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

Work should begin on designing hydrogen passenger aircraft \u2013 Dr Josef Kallo<\/strong><\/p>\n

Dr Josef Kallo from the German aeronautical research agency (DLR) says in 2021, work will start on concepts for green, passenger hydrogen aircraft. He says this based on the work of the projects\u00a0HEAVEN<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0MAHEPA<\/a>, which he\u2019s part of, and the flight testing \u2013 completed in October 2020 \u2013 of HY4, the first passenger hydrogen aircraft of the company\u00a0H2FLY<\/a>. \u2018We (now) know that is possible to fly emission free with up to 40 passengers at 2,000 km range,\u2019 he said.<\/p>\n

READ:\u00a0Quiet and green: Why hydrogen planes could be the future of aviation<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

Crunching the data from the MOSAiC polar expedition will lead to Arctic science breakthroughs \u2013 Dr Polona Itkin<\/strong><\/p>\n

Dr Polona Itkin, a sea ice researcher at UiT The Arctic University of Norway, says she expects 2021 to be a year of Arctic science breakthroughs \u2013 or at least laying the foundations for them. With less travel and field work due to the pandemic, there will be more time to analyse the data from MOSAiC, the year-long largest polar expedition of its kind which Dr Itkin joined and that finished in October.<\/p>\n

Some of the breakthroughs she expects to see include observing and modelling sea ice formation at the smallest scales \u2013 from several hundred metres to a metre. \u2018Currently we are only able to work with such data on larger scales that are very hard to connect with direct field measurements,\u2019 she said. She also expects a better understanding of what snow does to sea ice growth and thickness and how pressure ridges consolidate and grow.<\/p>\n

This would all mean climate models could be improved. \u2018For example, it would help us to finally understand why we are losing the Arctic sea ice so fast.\u2019<\/p>\n

READ:\u00a0A day on the Polarstern: studying climate change up close<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

There was one science story that dominated 2020 and coronavirus is likely to remain a dominant theme in 2021. But from vaccine rollout to lessons for future pandemics and \u2013 that other big challenge that we\u2019re facing \u2013 climate change, how will the year in science play out? We asked a selection of our interviewees … Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":298,"featured_media":1561,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"generate_page_header":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[11,12,118],"tags":[359,4,37,373,143],"class_list":["post-1559","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-earth-energy-environment","category-health","category-social-sciences","tag-coronavirus","tag-environment","tag-health","tag-start-of-year","tag-transport"],"yoast_head":"\n2021: Beyond coronavirus - what\u2019s in store for science in the year ahead? - Horizon Magazine Blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/scienceblog.com\/horizon\/1559\/2021-beyond-coronavirus-whats-in-store-for-science-in-the-year-ahead\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"2021: Beyond coronavirus - what\u2019s in store for science in the year ahead?\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"There was one science story that dominated 2020 and coronavirus is likely to remain a dominant theme in 2021. 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