{"id":1824,"date":"2021-09-21T10:26:55","date_gmt":"2021-09-21T10:26:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/horizon.peachpuff-wolverine-566518.hostingersite.com\/?p=1824"},"modified":"2021-09-21T10:26:55","modified_gmt":"2021-09-21T10:26:55","slug":"cutting-edge-european-technology-for-cleaner-mobility-in-cities","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/scienceblog.com\/horizon\/1824\/cutting-edge-european-technology-for-cleaner-mobility-in-cities\/","title":{"rendered":"Cutting-edge European technology for cleaner mobility in cities"},"content":{"rendered":"

European Mobility Week, the European Commission\u2019s flagship awareness raising campaign on sustainable urban mobility, kicked off 16 September. Reducing air pollution from vehicles has been an important focus of the campaign since its launch 20 years ago; and despite significant progress, it\u2019s an issue where sustained effort and innovation remain in high demand. A completely new European-based technology is poised to deliver a solution that could bring us one step closer to a zero-pollution Europe.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Looking back on two decades of supporting local initiatives to make cities safer, greener, more inclusive and more accessible, EUROPEANMOBILITYWEEK\u00a02021<\/a> (16-22 September) highlights some of the success stories: we\u2019ve witnessed an uptake across European capitals in bicycling, and e-bike sales specifically have increased sixfold in just 10 years; all this while cities across the continent are experimenting with measures to limit car traffic in their centres.<\/p>\n

Improving air quality is an important part of making our cities healthier and safer environments, and it\u2019s a challenge we\u2019re still grappling to address. Air pollution remains a major cause of premature death and disease<\/a> and is the single largest environmental health risk in Europe, responsible for around 400,000 premature deaths per year.<\/p>\n

To progress even further and meet the European Commission\u2019s action plan towards zero pollution<\/a>, which includes a 2030 target to improve air quality to reduce the number of premature deaths caused by air pollution by 55%, more targeted solutions are needed.<\/p>\n

Identifying the highest emitters <\/strong><\/p>\n

While EU and national legislation have made it a priority to cut down on pollution from vehicles, transport<\/a> remains the main cause of noise and air pollution. A study<\/a> by Opus\u00a0RSE and CIEMAT in Madrid showed that, in fact, only a small share of the city\u2019s fleet of cars (about 4%) are responsible for as much as 41% of the total nitrogen oxide and particulate matter pollution from traffic. The vehicles in this 4% minority are called \u2018high emitters\u2019, and their identification may hold the key to improving the air quality in our cities.<\/p>\n

\u2018Basically a high-emitting vehicle is simply a vehicle that is emitting much, much more than the rest,\u2019 said Javier Buhigas, Head of Operations and Consultancy at Opus\u00a0RSE. He clarified that there can be two reasons why a vehicle emits more pollution than others: it could be that the fuel combustion is not working properly, which makes the engine highly inefficient; or perhaps the emission control systems (for example the catalysts or particle filters) are out of order \u2013 or possibly a mix of both.<\/p>\n

If we look at the distribution of high-emitting vehicles, 20% of them are less than 5 years old \u2013 in other words, these are very new cars. The owner or the driver probably doesn\u2019t even know that their vehicle is a high emitter.<\/p>\n

Javier Buhigas, Head of Operations and Consultancy at Opus RSE<\/em><\/p>\n

Getting to the root of what is causing these \u2018malfunctions\u2019 is not always straightforward. \u2018The curious thing is that in general as vehicles get older, they are more probable to become high emitters because of natural deterioration,\u2019 remarked Buhigas. \u2018But the problem is that if we look at the distribution of high-emitting vehicles, 20% of them are less than 5\u00a0years old \u2013 in other words, these are very new cars. The owner or the driver probably doesn\u2019t even know that their vehicle is a high emitter. And more importantly, most of these vehicles can be easily repaired.\u2019<\/p>\n

This complicates the picture of addressing air pollution in cities, since solutions cannot be limited to ensuring that the fleet of vehicles in a city is a certain age or of a certain type. \u2018Machines are not perfect,\u2019 said Buhigas, and it\u2019s not always possible or useful to assign blame for a defect that might be causing a new car to pollute as much as one that\u2019s 20\u00a0years old. Moreover, although emissions control has been included in periodical vehicle inspections for quite some years, Buhigas noted that the measurement method isn\u2019t as precise as could be desired. What\u2019s missing is a system that makes it possible to measure the real-driving emissions of the cars that are circulating on our roads.<\/p>\n

The NEMO<\/a> project that Buhigas and Opus RSE are involved in, as part of a consortium of 18 European partners, tackles this problem. It\u2019s developing and testing a completely new remote sensing technology that can measure emissions as well as noise from individual road vehicles (and trains) in real time. The technology can be integrated into existing transport infrastructure and allows local and regional authorities to target high emitters at a fraction of the cost of more manual methods.<\/p>\n

The solution will be used mainly by public authorities. They are the natural end user because public authorities, especially in densely populated cities, are the ones who are responsible for keeping emissions at reasonable levels.<\/p>\n

Javier Buhigas, Head of Operations and Consultancy at Opus RSE<\/em><\/p>\n

\u2018The solution will be used mainly by public authorities,\u2019 said Buhigas. \u2018They are the natural end user because public authorities, especially in densely populated cities, are the ones who are responsible for keeping emissions at reasonable levels.\u2019<\/p>\n

When a high-emitting vehicle has been detected, NEMO\u2019s communication system, which is also being developed within the project, will automatically identify the vehicle by reading its licence plate and send an alert to the competent authority. \u2018There is a whole platform and digital system built around this, especially designed for public authorities,\u2019 stated Buhigas.<\/p>\n

Based on the alert the authorities receive from the NEMO system, they can perform a targeted action. In Madrid, for example, the emissions of the city\u2019s cars and vans were monitored for more than 2\u00a0years, covering 30 locations and more than 1\u00a0million vehicles. This helped to define some of the on-road high emission limits and to categorise the real-world emissions of different groups of vehicles for scientific as well as policymaking purposes. One major success was having a local air quality regulation approved in Madrid that empowers local police officers to identify high-emitting vehicles and request the driver to send their car for reinspection.<\/p>\n

Measuring is the key to successful policymaking<\/strong><\/p>\n

Although the technology the NEMO project is developing is cutting-edge at several levels, the mantra that it\u2019s built on is pretty elementary: \u2018Basically, what is not measured cannot be improved,\u2019 explained Buhigas. In other words, the first step to reducing air pollution is to measure the sources of emissions and identify where the biggest problems lie. While knowing that up to 80% of pollution in a city comes from transport is helpful, discovering that a minority of high emitters are responsible for up to 60% of pollution<\/a> is potentially ground-breaking, because it lays bare a very concrete area for targeted policy action. \u2018Unless you start measuring, it is very, very complicated to implement efficient policies,\u2019 said Buhigas. \u2018That is the pillar of the NEMO project. And from that we are developing solutions.\u2019<\/p>\n

Unless you start measuring, it is very, very complicated to implement efficient policies.<\/p>\n

Javier Buhigas, Head of Operations and Consultancy at Opus RSE<\/em><\/p>\n

In addition to the very hands-on application of the NEMO technology, as described in the Madrid example, the project is also developing a methodology for using remote sensing data to complement traffic modelling and air dispersion modelling (the simulation of how air pollutants disperse in the atmosphere). This is so that cities can calculate the cause and effect between emissions and their externalities (that is, the negative effect of transport, such as pollution, consequences for health, etc.). These models can then be used to design better policies.<\/p>\n

\u2018If you have some modelling that projects your real-world emissions to health impacts, you can play with these scenarios,\u2019 said Buhigas. \u2018For example, you can ask: What happens if in my city I deny access of high emitters to the city centre – what is the impact of that?\u2019 Using the methodology and modelling NEMO is developing, a city can estimate how big a reduction in pollution the policy action will bring about, as well as the related reduction of air pollution-related deaths, the expected increase in the electrification of a city\u2019s vehicle fleet, and much more. Cities can also use the models to create \u2018sensitive areas\u2019 for hospitals and schools, for example, where the access of certain types of vehicles is limited.<\/p>\n

What about the climate?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Air pollution and climate change are intertwined<\/a>, and while there is an important difference between carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and air pollution, several air pollutants also act as climate forcers with potential impact on climate and global warming in the short term.<\/p>\n

\u2018CO2 is a gas that has no effect on health, but it accelerates global warming,\u2019 said Buhigas, \u2018and CO2 emissions are directly linked to the fuel consumption of the vehicle. The more fuel is burned, the more CO2 is emitted; it\u2019s a perfect linear link.\u2019<\/p>\n

Nevertheless, as greenhouse gases such as CO2 and air pollutants share the same main emission sources, potential benefits can arise from efforts to limit emissions of one or the other. This is also exemplified by the NEMO project.<\/p>\n

Since the internal combustion engines of modern cars are already very efficient, \u2018the most important way to reduce CO2 emissions is to boost the adoption of hybrids and electrics,\u2019 Buhigas explained. In the context of the NEMO project, the identification of high-emitting vehicles can be leveraged to encourage both citizens and policymakers to consider the benefits of hybrid or fully electric transport forms. NEMO\u2019s modelling solutions and real-time on-road measurements can in this way help accelerate the renewal of a city\u2019s fleet which is one of the critical points we need at large scale to reduce CO2 emissions and ultimately improve the quality of life in our cities.<\/p>\n

The research in this article was funded by the EU. If you liked this article, please consider sharing it on social media.<\/em><\/p>\n

More info<\/p>\n

NEMO<\/a><\/p>\n

European Commission\u2019s Zero pollution action plan<\/a><\/p>\n

EUROPEANMOBILITYWEEK<\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

European Mobility Week, the European Commission\u2019s flagship awareness raising campaign on sustainable urban mobility, kicked off 16 September. Reducing air pollution from vehicles has been an important focus of the campaign since its launch 20 years ago; and despite significant progress, it\u2019s an issue where sustained effort and innovation remain in high demand. A completely … Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":298,"featured_media":1825,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"generate_page_header":"","_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[11],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1824","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-earth-energy-environment"],"yoast_head":"\nCutting-edge European technology for cleaner mobility in cities - Horizon Magazine Blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/scienceblog.com\/horizon\/1824\/cutting-edge-european-technology-for-cleaner-mobility-in-cities\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Cutting-edge European technology for cleaner mobility in cities\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"European Mobility Week, the European Commission\u2019s flagship awareness raising campaign on sustainable urban mobility, kicked off 16 September. 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