{"id":2080,"date":"2022-06-27T13:04:09","date_gmt":"2022-06-27T13:04:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/horizon.peachpuff-wolverine-566518.hostingersite.com\/?p=2080"},"modified":"2022-06-27T13:09:26","modified_gmt":"2022-06-27T13:09:26","slug":"dream-of-unlimited-clean-nuclear-fusion-energy-within-reach","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/scienceblog.com\/horizon\/2080\/dream-of-unlimited-clean-nuclear-fusion-energy-within-reach\/","title":{"rendered":"Dream of unlimited, clean nuclear fusion energy within reach"},"content":{"rendered":"

The old joke is that nuclear fusion is always 30 years away. Yet the dream of abundant clean energy is no laughing matter as we meet an ITER researcher to catch up on progress at the reactor facility.<\/strong><\/p>\n

The Sun has fuelled life on Earth for billions of years, creating light and heat through nuclear fusion. Given that incredible power and longevity, it seems there can hardly be a better way to generate energy than by harnessing the same nuclear processes that occur in our own and other stars.<\/p>\n

Nuclear fusion reactors aim to replicate this process by fusing hydrogen atoms to create helium, releasing energy in the form of heat. Sustaining this at scale has the potential to produce a safe, clean, almost inexhaustible power source.<\/p>\n

The quest began decades ago, but could a long-running joke that nuclear fusion is always 30 years away soon start to look old?<\/p>\n

Some hope so, following a major breakthrough during\u00a0a nuclear-fusion experiment in late 2021<\/a>. This came at the Joint European Torus (JET) research facility in Oxfordshire, UK, in a giant, doughnut-shaped machine called a tokamak.<\/p>\n

Inside, superheated gases called plasmas are generated in which the fusion reactions take place, containing charged particles that are held in place by powerful magnetic fields. Such plasmas can reach temperatures of 150 million degrees Celsius, an unfathomable 10 times hotter than the Sun\u2019s core.<\/p>\n

In a sustained five-second burst, researchers in the EUROfusion consortium released a record-breaking 59 megajoules (MJ) of fusion energy. This was almost triple the previous 21.7 MJ record set at the same facility in 1997, with the results touted as \u2018the clearest demonstration in a quarter of a century of the potential for fusion energy to deliver safe and sustainable low-carbon energy\u2019. Follow the link to learn more about\u00a0the successful nuclear fusion experiment at JET<\/a>.<\/p>\n

The results provided a major boost ahead of the next phase of nuclear fusion\u2019s development. A larger and more advanced version of JET known as\u00a0ITER<\/a>\u00a0(meaning \u201cThe Way” in Latin) is under construction on a 180-hectare site in Saint-Paul-l\u00e8s-Durance, southern France.<\/p>\n

ITER, which is being built as a collaboration between 35 nations, including those in the EU, is aimed at further firming up the concept of fusion. One of the most complicated machines ever to be created, it was scheduled to start generating its first plasma in 2025 before entering into high-power operation around 2035 \u2013 although researchers on the project expect some delays because of the pandemic.<\/p>\n

Major milestone<\/strong><\/p>\n

The results at JET represent a major landmark, said Professor Tony Donn\u00e9, programme manager of\u00a0the EUROfusion project<\/a>, a major consortium of 4 800 experts, students and facilities across Europe. \u2018It\u2019s a huge milestone \u2013 the biggest for a long time,\u2019 he said.<\/p>\n

\u2018It\u2019s confirmed all the modelling, so it has really increased confidence that ITER will work and do what it\u2019s meant to do.\u2019 While the energy generated at JET lasted just a few seconds, the aim is to ramp this up to a sustained reaction that produces energy.<\/p>\n

The results were the culmination of years of preparation, with Prof Donn\u00e9 explaining that one of the key developments since 1997 involved changing the inner wall of the JET vessel.<\/p>\n

Previously, the wall was made of carbon, but this proved too reactive with the fuel mix of deuterium and tritium, two heavier isotopes\u00a0 – or variants – of hydrogen used in the fusion reaction. This resulted in the formation of hydrocarbons, locking up the tritium fuel in the wall.<\/p>\n

In the rebuild, which involved 16 000 components and 4 000 tonnes of metal, the carbon was replaced with beryllium and tungsten to reduce tritium retention. Ultimately, the team was able to cut the amount of trapped fuel by a large multiple, contributing to the success of the recent fusion shot.<\/p>\n

DEMO run<\/strong><\/p>\n

In preparation for the next stage of fusion\u2019s epic journey, upgrades to JET ensured that its configuration aligns with the plans for ITER. Further in the future, the next step beyond ITER will be a demonstration power plant known as DEMO, designed to send electricity into the grid \u2013 leading on to fusion plants becoming a commercial and industrial reality.<\/p>\n

\u2018ITER is a device which will create 10 times more fusion energy than the energy used to heat the plasma,\u2019 said Prof Donn\u00e9. \u2018But as it is an experimental facility, it will not deliver electricity to the grid. For that, we need another device, which we call DEMO. This will really bring us to the foundations for the first generation of fusion power plants.\u2019<\/p>\n

Prof Donn\u00e9 added: \u2018JET has shown now that fusion is plausible. ITER has to show that it\u2019s further feasible, and DEMO will need to demonstrate that it really works.\u2019<\/p>\n

Planned to provide up to 500 megawatts (MW) to the grid, he thinks it is realistic for DEMO to come into operation around 2050. \u2018We hope to build DEMO much faster than we built ITER, making (use of the) lessons learned,\u2019 he said.<\/p>\n

Yet there are other key challenges to overcome on the way to getting nuclear fusion up and running. Not least is that while deuterium is abundant in seawater, tritium is extremely scarce and difficult to produce.<\/p>\n

The researchers therefore plan to develop a way of generating it inside the tokamak, using a \u2018breeding blanket\u2019 containing lithium. The idea is that high-energy neutrons from the fusion reactions will interact with the lithium to create tritium.<\/p>\n

Essential energy<\/strong><\/p>\n

Prof Donn\u00e9 said nuclear fusion could prove a pivotal green and sustainable energy source for the future. \u2018I would say it\u2019s essential,\u2019 he said. \u2018I\u2019m not convinced that by 2050 we can make the carbon dioxide transition with only renewables, and we need other things.\u2019<\/p>\n

And although he says the current method of creating nuclear energy through fission is becoming safer and safer, fusion has key advantages. Proponents for ITER talk of\u00a0benefits such as an absence of meltdown risk<\/a>, adding that nuclear fusion does not produce long-lived radioactive waste and that reactor materials can be recycled or reused within 100 to 300 years.<\/p>\n

\u2018It\u2019s definitely much safer,\u2019 said Prof Donn\u00e9. Referencing the stigma carried by nuclear energy, he said, \u2018What we see when we interact with the public is that people very often haven\u2019t heard about nuclear fusion. But when we explain the pros and cons, then I think people get positive.\u2019<\/p>\n

Referring to Lev Artsimovich, dubbed the \u201cfather of the tokamak\u201d, he said, \u2018Artsimovich always said fusion will be there when society really needs it. If we get fusion up and running, then really we have a very safe and clean energy source which can give us energy for thousands of years.\u2019<\/p>\n

The research in this article was funded by the EU. This article was originally published\u202f<\/em>in Horizon<\/em><\/a>, the EU Research and Innovation Magazine<\/em>.\u202f\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

The old joke is that nuclear fusion is always 30 years away. Yet the dream of abundant clean energy is no laughing matter as we meet an ITER researcher to catch up on progress at the reactor facility. The Sun has fuelled life on Earth for billions of years, creating light and heat through nuclear … Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":298,"featured_media":2081,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"generate_page_header":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[11,14,16],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2080","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-earth-energy-environment","category-physics-mathematics","category-technology"],"yoast_head":"\nDream of unlimited, clean nuclear fusion energy within reach - Horizon Magazine Blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/scienceblog.com\/horizon\/2080\/dream-of-unlimited-clean-nuclear-fusion-energy-within-reach\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Dream of unlimited, clean nuclear fusion energy within reach\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"The old joke is that nuclear fusion is always 30 years away. 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