{"id":349,"date":"2018-07-03T08:52:50","date_gmt":"2018-07-03T08:52:50","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/horizon.peachpuff-wolverine-566518.hostingersite.com\/?p=349"},"modified":"2018-07-03T08:52:50","modified_gmt":"2018-07-03T08:52:50","slug":"catching-ultrafine-emissions-could-help-develop-cleaner-cars-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/scienceblog.com\/horizon\/349\/catching-ultrafine-emissions-could-help-develop-cleaner-cars-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Catching ultrafine emissions could help develop cleaner cars"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"article-info article-info_scroll print-hidden article-info_top\">\n<form id=\"republish-content-form\" accept-charset=\"UTF-8\" action=\"https:\/\/horizon-magazine.eu\/article\/catching-ultrafine-emissions-could-help-develop-cleaner-cars_en.html\" method=\"post\">\n<h3><strong>Modern\u00a0engines &#8211; in particular those which inject fuel at high pressure &#8211; maximise efficiency and cut carbon dioxide emissions, but<\/strong><strong>\u00a0may also release harder-to-catch pollution associated with cancers and lung, heart and Alzheimer\u2019s diseases. In response, European researchers are analysing exhaust particles down to one billionth of a metre, which may help in the development of cleaner cars.<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/form>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden\">\n<div class=\"field-items\">\n<div class=\"field-item even\">\n<p class=\"selectionShareable\">Tiny particles emitted by\u00a0combustion\u00a0engines contain poisonous substances that pollute the atmosphere. They are one of the main sources of poor air quality, which overall causes the premature death of over\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.eea.europa.eu\/highlights\/improving-air-quality-in-european\/premature-deaths-2014\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">500,000 EU citizens every year<\/a>\u00a0\u2013 more than ten times the number that perish in road traffic accidents.<\/p>\n<p class=\"selectionShareable\">\u2018Particulate pollution is not improving in European cities at the pace anticipated by the wide introduction of particle filters for all types of diesel engines. In some cases, it may actually get worse,\u2019 said Professor Zissis Samaras, an expert in automotive emissions from Aristotle University of Thessaloniki in Greece.<\/p>\n<p class=\"selectionShareable\">Current EU legislation regulates emission standards for particles\u00a0from diesel and gasoline engines that are larger than 23 billionths of a metre, or 23 nanometres. However, some\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.transportenvironment.org\/publications\/gasoline-particulate-emissions-next-auto-scandal\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">fuel-efficient engines<\/a>, which emit less carbon dioxide, can release even smaller nanoparticles and these can come with their own range of health risks.<\/p>\n<p class=\"selectionShareable\">The human respiratory system is not designed to block particles of this size from entering the lungs. The particles also have a larger surface area than their bigger counterparts, which means that when they come into contact with the lungs there is a higher risk of harmful substances being absorbed.<\/p>\n<p class=\"selectionShareable\">This could contribute to acute and long-term health effects, according to Prof. Samaras, who is the coordinator of DownToTen, a research project aiming to measure automotive exhaust particles down to ten billionths of a metre, or 10 nanometres. This could eventually help car manufacturers design engines that emit fewer of these harmful particles.<\/p>\n<p class=\"selectionShareable\">To do this, the project is investigating both the particles directly released by a car\u2019s engine, and their relationship with older particles already in the air, which have undergone something called atmospheric ageing.<\/p>\n<p class=\"selectionShareable\"><strong>Particle fever<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"selectionShareable\">Atmospheric ageing is when particles have already entered the environment where they can react with different compounds or attach to various other substances. This can end up changing their nature.<\/p>\n<p class=\"selectionShareable\">Part of the problem is trying to determine whether the older particles are produced as a direct result of the fresh exhaust or from somewhere else.<\/p>\n<p class=\"selectionShareable\">\u2018These secondary (atmospherically aged) particles can also come from the sea, from agriculture, forests or natural processes,\u2019 said Prof. Samaras. \u2018The question is how much do the emissions of vehicular primary particles cause or accelerate these processes.\u2019<\/p>\n<div class=\"quote-view quotesBlock quote_horizontal\">\n<blockquote>\n<p class=\"selectionShareable\">&#8216;These secondary (aged) particles can also come from the sea, from agriculture, forests or natural processes \u2013 the question is how much do the emissions of vehicular primary particles cause or accelerate these processes.&#8217;<\/p>\n<p class=\"selectionShareable\">Prof. Samaras, Aristotle University, Greece<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"selectionShareable\">DownToTen has developed a device that is attached to a car\u2019s exhaust pipe and measures both new and aged particles. As the car releases emissions, the device records data on the emitted particles, and then pushes them into a chamber where atmospheric ageing is artificially performed. Data on the aged particles is then collected for analysis which can provide a more detailed insight into automotive emissions.<\/p>\n<p class=\"selectionShareable\">Another research project called SUREAL-23 has also developed an instrument that can measure particles under 23 nanometres, but in high resolution. An additional analyser was built that gives information not only on the size, but also the total number of particles emitted in real time.<\/p>\n<p class=\"selectionShareable\">Eleni Papaioannou of the Chemical Process &amp; Energy Resources Institute\u00a0(CPERI) in Greece is coordinating the project.<\/p>\n<p class=\"selectionShareable\">\u2018With this device, we will have exact knowledge of not only how many, but also on the size of particles while the vehicle is running,\u2019 she said, adding that one of the reasons that current regulation only targets particles bigger than 23 nanometres is because neither a robust enough methodology or adequate instrumentation existed up until now.<\/p>\n<p class=\"selectionShareable\">SUREAL-23 was also successful in developing, for the first time, a heat-resistant measurement instrumentation, which is vital because it significantly simplifies and improves the sampling process.<\/p>\n<p class=\"selectionShareable\">\u2018The sampling system is often responsible for errors during the measurements as it introduces particle losses and artefacts (particles that do not exist at the exhaust but are created through the sampling process). For the first time, we managed to simplify this, getting rid of all those problems but also making our methodology more appropriate for on-road measurements,\u2019 said Papaioannou.<\/p>\n<p class=\"selectionShareable\">Using this research into nanoparticles together with more accurate computer codes, car manufacturers will be able to input different factors, such as engine size, temperature and speed, to determine what the potential particle release would be in each case and optimise the relevant engine and exhaust treatment parameters. Knowing this information will enable manufacturers to design cars that are in line with future EU legislation, which is expected to reset the current limit on particle emissions to 10 nanometres.<\/p>\n<p><em>Originally published on <a href=\"https:\/\/horizon-magazine.eu\">Horizon<\/a>.\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Modern\u00a0engines &#8211; in particular those which inject fuel at high pressure &#8211; maximise efficiency and cut carbon dioxide emissions, but\u00a0may also release harder-to-catch pollution associated with cancers and lung, heart and Alzheimer\u2019s diseases. In response, European researchers are analysing exhaust particles down to one billionth of a metre, which may help in the development of &#8230; <a title=\"Catching ultrafine emissions could help develop cleaner cars\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/scienceblog.com\/horizon\/349\/catching-ultrafine-emissions-could-help-develop-cleaner-cars-2\/\" aria-label=\"Read more about Catching ultrafine emissions could help develop cleaner cars\">Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":325,"featured_media":350,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"generate_page_header":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[11],"tags":[124,125,79,24,143],"class_list":["post-349","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-earth-energy-environment","tag-air-pollution","tag-pollution","tag-research","tag-science","tag-transport"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.4 (Yoast SEO v27.4) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Catching ultrafine emissions could help develop cleaner cars - Horizon Magazine Blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/scienceblog.com\/horizon\/349\/catching-ultrafine-emissions-could-help-develop-cleaner-cars-2\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Catching ultrafine emissions could help develop cleaner cars\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Modern\u00a0engines &#8211; in particular those which inject fuel at high pressure &#8211; maximise efficiency and cut carbon dioxide emissions, but\u00a0may also release harder-to-catch pollution associated with cancers and lung, heart and Alzheimer\u2019s diseases. In response, European researchers are analysing exhaust particles down to one billionth of a metre, which may help in the development of ... 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Reducing air pollution from vehicles has been an important focus of the campaign since its launch 20 years ago; and despite significant progress, it\u2019s an issue where sustained effort and innovation remain\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Earth, Energy &amp; Environment&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Earth, Energy &amp; Environment","link":"https:\/\/scienceblog.com\/horizon\/category\/earth-energy-environment\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/scienceblog.com\/horizon\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2021\/09\/1.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/scienceblog.com\/horizon\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2021\/09\/1.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/scienceblog.com\/horizon\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2021\/09\/1.jpg?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/scienceblog.com\/horizon\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2021\/09\/1.jpg?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":1366,"url":"https:\/\/scienceblog.com\/horizon\/1366\/size-matters-in-air-pollution-but-its-not-enough\/","url_meta":{"origin":349,"position":1},"title":"Size matters in air pollution \u2013 but it\u2019s not enough","author":"Horizon Magazine","date":"July 27, 2020","format":false,"excerpt":"by\u00a0Rex Merrifield Current regulations on air pollution mainly focus on the mass of particles of a particular size range in a sample, and this has been used as a marker for their threat to human health. But these air quality standards do not address the medical implications of the very\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Earth, Energy &amp; Environment&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Earth, Energy &amp; Environment","link":"https:\/\/scienceblog.com\/horizon\/category\/earth-energy-environment\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"Air pollution standards currently focus on the mass concentration of particles smaller than 10 micrometres in diameter (PM10) or smaller than 2.5 micrometres (PM2.5). 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The prize, which was announced on 30 October at the Innovative Industries for Smart Growth\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Earth, Energy &amp; Environment&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Earth, Energy &amp; Environment","link":"https:\/\/scienceblog.com\/horizon\/category\/earth-energy-environment\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"Prototype air filtering stations placed in Paris, France, helped to keep the level of particulates below World Health Organization thresholds. 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With a diameter of just 100 nanometers\u00a0- a thousandth of the width of a human hair -\u00a0these ultrafine particles are the smallest particles found in air pollution and have been linked to\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Earth, Energy &amp; Environment&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Earth, Energy &amp; Environment","link":"https:\/\/scienceblog.com\/horizon\/category\/earth-energy-environment\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"As many as 6.5 million premature deaths every year are attributed to air pollution, according to the World Health Organization.","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/scienceblog.com\/horizon\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2018\/03\/Traffic.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/scienceblog.com\/horizon\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2018\/03\/Traffic.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/scienceblog.com\/horizon\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2018\/03\/Traffic.jpg?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/scienceblog.com\/horizon\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2018\/03\/Traffic.jpg?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":1340,"url":"https:\/\/scienceblog.com\/horizon\/1340\/qa-what-lockdown-air-pollution-reductions-mean-for-the-future-of-urban-transport\/","url_meta":{"origin":349,"position":4},"title":"Q&amp;A: What lockdown air pollution reductions mean for the future of urban transport","author":"Horizon Magazine","date":"July 6, 2020","format":false,"excerpt":"by\u00a0Aisling Irwin People in cities experienced cleaner air during lockdowns, but a permanent shift to greener modes of transport and habits is \u2018extremely complex to achieve\u2019 given how much space is devoted to cars and the groups resisting change, says\u00a0Dr Basile Chaix, who studies the health trade-offs we make as\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Health&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Health","link":"https:\/\/scienceblog.com\/horizon\/category\/health\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"More than half the space in some European cities is devoted to cars, which are parked 90% of the time, says Dr Chaix. 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Every year, thousands of fires engulf forests, grasslands and moors across Europe. In 2018, more than\u00a0204,861 hectares of land were left burnt\u00a0in Europe and other countries around\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Earth, Energy &amp; Environment&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Earth, Energy &amp; Environment","link":"https:\/\/scienceblog.com\/horizon\/category\/earth-energy-environment\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"Smoke from wildfires can rise many kilometres into the stratosphere and cause air pollution in areas far away from where the flames actually were. 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