{"id":389,"date":"2018-07-31T10:32:39","date_gmt":"2018-07-31T10:32:39","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/horizon.peachpuff-wolverine-566518.hostingersite.com\/?p=389"},"modified":"2018-07-31T10:32:39","modified_gmt":"2018-07-31T10:32:39","slug":"could-symbiotic-microbes-help-ecosystems-survive-global-warming","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/scienceblog.com\/horizon\/389\/could-symbiotic-microbes-help-ecosystems-survive-global-warming\/","title":{"rendered":"Could symbiotic microbes help ecosystems survive global warming?"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"bigImg\">\n<h3 class=\"credit\"><strong>Studies of the relationships between micr<\/strong><strong>obes and the organisms they live on are revealing how plants and animals could adapt to climate change.<\/strong><\/h3>\n<div class=\"credit\">With the world facing a global warming somewhere between\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.eea.europa.eu\/data-and-maps\/indicators\/global-and-european-temperature-8\/assessment\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">1 and 5.5 degrees Celsius<\/a>, organisms that have evolved to thrive in specific environments need to adapt or they could struggle to survive. Our oceans are one such ecosystem facing such a situation.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden\">\n<div class=\"field-items\">\n<div class=\"field-item even\">\n<p class=\"selectionShareable\">\u2018As atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations rise, associated ocean warming and ocean acidification are predicted,\u2019 said Dr Oriol Sacrist\u00e1n-Soriano from the Department of Marine Ecology at the Centre for Advanced Studies of Blanes in Spain.<\/p>\n<p class=\"selectionShareable\">This is because society is currently emitting too much carbon dioxide than can be safely absorbed by the ocean. The consequent disruption to the acidity levels of the water, along with the increase of global ocean temperatures, is now transforming marine ecosystems.<\/p>\n<p class=\"selectionShareable\">Coral reefs, for example, are struggling with the change of temperature, which is causing mass bleaching where their exoskeletons become brittle. They are not the only organism at risk within this ecological community.<\/p>\n<p class=\"selectionShareable\">\u2018(Marine) sponges are shown to be affected by climate change,\u2019 said Dr Sacrist\u00e1n-Soriano. \u2018Abnormal elevated seawater temperatures can cause shifts in the sponge microbial community, changes in physiological processes like pumping rates and feeding behaviour, or a decrease in survival rates.\u2019<\/p>\n<p class=\"selectionShareable\"><strong>Microbial community<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"selectionShareable\">This microbial community is not just essential for good sponge health, but also general nutrient cycling which helps maintain a balanced environment for other life in the coral reef.<\/p>\n<p class=\"selectionShareable\">This is particularly important with environmental threats such as bleaching. If the microbial community could acclimate or adapt to environmental changes, such threats might be reduced, and the ecosystem would become more resilient.<\/p>\n<p class=\"selectionShareable\">\u2018All sponges have associated microbial organisms living within their tissues such as bacteria, archaea, or fungi,\u2019 said Dr Sacrist\u00e1n-Soriano.<\/p>\n<div class=\"dynamic_article_image_bloc\">\n<figure style=\"width: 1190px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/horizon-magazine.eu\/sites\/default\/files\/boringsponge.jpg\" alt=\"While a lot of organisms struggle with the effects of climate change, the boring sponge is host to a certain type of algae that actually helps it to take advantage of the changing environment. Image credit - Matthieu Sontag, licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 \" width=\"1200\" height=\"900\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">While a lot of organisms struggle with the effects of climate change, the boring sponge is host to a certain type of algae that actually helps it to take advantage of the changing environment. Image credit &#8211; Matthieu Sontag, licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"selectionShareable\">But some sponge microbes are thriving under climate change and could hold secrets to help their hosts &#8211; and their marine ecosystem &#8211; adapt better.\u00a0One such microorganism is\u00a0<em>Symbiodinium<\/em>\u00a0which is a type of algae\u00a0that lives within a group of sponges called boring sponges &#8211; named for their trait of digging holes into hard calcium or lime surfaces, such as corals or mollusc shells.<\/p>\n<p class=\"selectionShareable\">\u2018This alga appears to enhance eroding (digging) and growth rates of the sponge through their photosynthetic activity,\u2019 said Dr Sacrist\u00e1n-Soriano, who is the principal investigator of the SCOOBA project which is studying the symbiosis between microbes and boring sponges.<\/p>\n<p class=\"selectionShareable\">He is examining how the changing temperature and acidity levels of the ocean trigger shifts in this symbiotic relationship, which could reveal how microorganisms, and therefore the sponge, are adapting to the altering marine environment.<\/p>\n<p class=\"selectionShareable\">\u2018In addition to providing insight into how both bacteria and\u00a0<em>Symbiodinium<\/em>\u00a0partners behave in such stressed conditions, we will contribute to the effect of climate change on sponge bioerosion (how it digs into ocean surfaces) at a genetic level for the first time,\u2019 said Dr Sacrist\u00e1n-Soriano.<\/p>\n<p class=\"selectionShareable\">This will provide an insight into how some organisms in nature adapt to climate change. The more researchers learn about the winners and losers, the better chance environmental research and policies can be steered in a more resilient direction.<\/p>\n<p class=\"selectionShareable\"><strong>Evolution<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"selectionShareable\">As our planet\u2019s history is filled with climate change events, some researchers are turning to the past to better understand why certain species thrive and others do not.<\/p>\n<p class=\"selectionShareable\">According to Dr Brecht Verstraete, a biologist at the Natural History Museum of Oslo in Norway, \u2018evolution is linked to the environment\u2019 and the symbiotic relationships of bacteria within plants could reveal how some species adapted to climate change.<\/p>\n<p class=\"selectionShareable\">\u2018Plants which interact with bacteria evolve faster, which means they have more variability and potential for adaption,\u2019 he said.<\/p>\n<p class=\"selectionShareable\">Dr Verstraete was the principal researcher of the SYMBIOSIS project which aimed to understand how the\u00a0relationship between coffee plants and bacteria within its leaves evolved. He examined the DNA of coffee plants and traced the origins of the symbiosis to Africa 11 million years ago when there was a global cooling event. At that time, a rainforest covered almost the entire continent, but as the climate got drier it was slowly replaced by the grassland ecosystems of today.<\/p>\n<div class=\"quote-view quotesBlock quote_horizontal\">\n<blockquote>\n<p class=\"selectionShareable\">&#8216;Plants which interact with bacteria evolve faster, which means they have more variability and potential for adaption.&#8217;<\/p>\n<p class=\"selectionShareable\">Dr Brecht Verstraete, biologist at the Natural History Museum of Oslo in Norway<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"selectionShareable\">\u2018Organisms living in that circumstance needed to change and adapt to this new situation,\u2019 said Dr Verstraete. \u2018The 100 plants of the coffee family (I studied) adapted by starting this symbiosis with bacteria to cope.\u2019<\/p>\n<p class=\"selectionShareable\">Dr Verstraete says the current hypothesis about why this symbiosis evolved\u00a0is that the bacteria helped the plants develop chemicals that protected themselves against an increasing number of herbivores which were now thriving in the new African grasslands.<\/p>\n<p class=\"selectionShareable\">The project also found that each plant had a unique relationship with the bacteria, meaning they needed each other to survive. That would mean if another change in the climate was to occur, both parties would have to adapt together.<\/p>\n<p class=\"selectionShareable\">According to Dr Verstraete, there is not enough focus on examining how plants interact with other organisms in their ecosystem &#8211; research is too concentrated on the impact of climate change on different regions or individual plant improvement. He hopes the results from SYMBIOSIS will help shift the adaptation discussion to a more holistic approach.<\/p>\n<p class=\"selectionShareable\">\u2018Plants live in a certain environment with other organisms in a complex ecosystem,\u2019 he said. \u2018When you look at mitigating change, you should not only look at the individual plant but include everything around it.\u2019<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Originally published on <a href=\"https:\/\/horizon-magazine.eu\/\">Horizon<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Studies of the relationships between microbes and the organisms they live on are revealing how plants and animals could adapt to climate change. With the world facing a global warming somewhere between\u00a01 and 5.5 degrees Celsius, organisms that have evolved to thrive in specific environments need to adapt or they could struggle to survive. Our &#8230; <a title=\"Could symbiotic microbes help ecosystems survive global warming?\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/scienceblog.com\/horizon\/389\/could-symbiotic-microbes-help-ecosystems-survive-global-warming\/\" aria-label=\"Read more about Could symbiotic microbes help ecosystems survive global warming?\">Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":314,"featured_media":390,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"generate_page_header":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[11],"tags":[126,3,152,4,68,79,24],"class_list":["post-389","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-earth-energy-environment","tag-climate-change","tag-coffee","tag-ecosystem","tag-environment","tag-evolution","tag-research","tag-science"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.4 (Yoast SEO v27.4) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Could symbiotic microbes help ecosystems survive global warming? - Horizon Magazine Blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/scienceblog.com\/horizon\/389\/could-symbiotic-microbes-help-ecosystems-survive-global-warming\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Could symbiotic microbes help ecosystems survive global warming?\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Studies of the relationships between microbes and the organisms they live on are revealing how plants and animals could adapt to climate change. With the world facing a global warming somewhere between\u00a01 and 5.5 degrees Celsius, organisms that have evolved to thrive in specific environments need to adapt or they could struggle to survive. Our ... 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