{"id":480,"date":"2018-09-27T13:46:33","date_gmt":"2018-09-27T13:46:33","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/horizon.peachpuff-wolverine-566518.hostingersite.com\/?p=480"},"modified":"2018-09-27T13:46:33","modified_gmt":"2018-09-27T13:46:33","slug":"cosmic-dustpedias-could-reveal-new-types-of-galaxy","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/scienceblog.com\/horizon\/480\/cosmic-dustpedias-could-reveal-new-types-of-galaxy\/","title":{"rendered":"Cosmic &#8216;dustpedias&#8217; could reveal new types of galaxy"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>by Gareth Willmer<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"selectionShareable\"><strong style=\"font-size: 16px\">Measuring the vast quantities of cosmic dust in interstellar space may be a key to unlocking various mysteries of the cosmos, including how the grains form and whether new types of galaxy\u00a0are obscured by the particle clouds.<\/strong><\/h3>\n<div class=\"field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden\">\n<div class=\"field-items\">\n<div class=\"field-item even\">\n<p class=\"selectionShareable\">Cosmic dust grains, which are born in stars, are the building blocks for other stars and rocky planets such as Earth \u2013 as well as maybe life itself. However, our understanding of the dusty universe and the processes that form it remains limited.<\/p>\n<p class=\"selectionShareable\">\u2018We lack vital knowledge about the origin of cosmic dust, its evolution, and therefore the fuel for star formation of galaxies over recent cosmic history,\u2019 said Professor Haley Gomez, an astrophysicist at Cardiff University in the UK.<\/p>\n<p class=\"selectionShareable\">The cosmic haze also means that key astronomical processes evade detection by traditional telescopes. \u2018Our view of the universe has been biased,\u2019 said Prof. Gomez, who is undertaking a project called CosmicDust. \u2018We\u2019ve been looking at the visible light from stars and galaxies. But half of all the light shone by stars since the Big Bang has in fact been hidden.\u2019<\/p>\n<div class=\"quote-view quotesBlock quote_horizontal\">\n<blockquote>\n<p class=\"selectionShareable\">\u2018We lack vital knowledge about the origin of cosmic dust, its evolution, and therefore the fuel for star formation of galaxies over recent cosmic history.\u2019<\/p>\n<p class=\"selectionShareable\">Professor Haley Gomez, Cardiff University<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"selectionShareable\">The problem is, cosmic dust is too cold to be detected by optical telescopes. In the past decade, however, dust exploration has been aided by major space missions, such as the Planck and Herschel missions launched in 2009.\u00a0These have involved telescopes that can capture galaxies in the far-infrared part of the spectrum \u2013 where the dust particles become visible.<\/p>\n<p class=\"selectionShareable\">Both missions finished in 2013, leaving behind a wealth of raw data to delve into. This is being harnessed by\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/dustpedia.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">DustPedia<\/a>, one of a couple of\u00a0Cardiff University projects seeking to better understand the properties of space dust.<\/p>\n<p class=\"selectionShareable\"><strong>Data bank<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"selectionShareable\">DustPedia is combining the Herschel and Planck data with that from ground-based and space-based telescopes \u2013 and from other parts of the spectrum, such as the visible and ultraviolet \u2013 to create a huge archive for studying dust and its interactions in galaxies in the part of the universe nearest to us. It currently provides imagery for nearly 900 galaxies.<\/p>\n<p class=\"selectionShareable\">\u2018One of the prime motivations in doing this is to understand how galaxies are evolving and changing with time,\u2019 said Professor Jonathan Davies, principal investigator of DustPedia. He explained that, for instance, a large portion of chemical elements synthesised by stars reside in cosmic dust. Understanding how much of each of these is present helps reveal how chemically evolved a galaxy is, and ultimately how far it has proceeded along its life path.<\/p>\n<p class=\"selectionShareable\">This can also help us compare how different types of galaxies are evolving \u2013 for instance, the differences between giant elliptical galaxies and smaller flattened ones.<\/p>\n<p class=\"selectionShareable\">Prof. Davies describes cosmic dust as being like cigarette smoke blown in front of a light bulb, obscuring much of the light from stars.<\/p>\n<p class=\"selectionShareable\">\u2018You might be misled into thinking that if a galaxy is not producing much light, there can\u2019t be many stars there. If you can measure the quantity of dust, you can start making corrections,\u2019 he said.<\/p>\n<p class=\"selectionShareable\">Prof. Gomez\u2019s CosmicDust project is seeking to build an extensive catalogue of dusty galaxies to create a \u2018census of dust\u2019 aided by the insights from Herschel. She expects this will help uncover mysterious new classes of galaxies that appear dust-poor in visible light pictures, but actually contain huge quantities of dust.<\/p>\n<p class=\"selectionShareable\">The project has already finished its first statistical dust census of 15,000 galaxies, finding that some contain far more dust and some far less than predicted \u2013\u00a0and has released catalogues and maps covering almost half a million galaxies.<\/p>\n<p class=\"selectionShareable\">Among other things, the team has found three new exploding stellar remnants containing lots of dust. Interestingly, said Prof. Gomez, these all contain rapidly rotating neutron stars resulting from massive star explosions, hinting that these may be important dust-producing systems.<\/p>\n<p class=\"selectionShareable\">Furthermore, by using the Herschel data to peer back 12 billion years to the early universe, her team found initial indications that the universe may have been much dustier in the past than today and thus characterised by faster star formation.<\/p>\n<p class=\"selectionShareable\">Prof. Gomez says possible explanations for today\u2019s missing dust include galactic winds blowing large volumes out of galaxies or destruction by shockwaves of hot gas.<\/p>\n<p class=\"selectionShareable\">\u2018These are exactly the kinds of things we should be able to test once the large surveys have been analysed and our catalogues and measurements are finished,\u2019 she said.<\/p>\n<p class=\"selectionShareable\">The researchers are also aiming to resolve a long-standing controversy over the origin of cosmic dust, said Prof. Gomez \u2013 \u2018whether it is made by sun-like stars in their quiet death throes, or if it is much more violent, instead originating from massive stars that tear themselves apart at the end of their lives.\u2019\u00a0Scientific research is currently leaning towards the latter explanation, she added.<\/p>\n<p class=\"selectionShareable\"><strong>Lab dust<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"selectionShareable\">Another initiative, NANOCOSMOS, is modelling cosmic dust in the laboratory to build a better picture of how it forms and behaves. Several experimental set-ups have been built to do this, such as the stardust chamber, which simulates the formation of dust grains.<\/p>\n<p class=\"selectionShareable\">Researchers at the Institute of Fundamental Physics (IFF) in Madrid, Spain are currently using this vacuum chamber to investigate the reaction of individual elements found in dust, looking initially at carbon clusters and their interaction with hydrogen. They will later investigate interactions and dust properties involving silicon, iron and other metals, and their interaction with gases, to simulate more realistic astrophysical environments.<\/p>\n<p class=\"selectionShareable\">\u2018Studying how dust particles form and how they interact with the gas are essential to understand their properties,\u2019 said Professor Jos\u00e9 Cernicharo, a physicist working in the field of molecular astrophysics at the IFF and corresponding principal investigator for the NANOCOSMOS project. \u2018Deriving the structure of the first nanoparticles formed from different elements is a mandatory step to model correctly the physics and chemistry of the ejecta of red giants and supernovas.\u2019<\/p>\n<p class=\"selectionShareable\">Understanding more about nanoparticle formation\u00a0does not just help uncover what is happening in space and track the universe\u2019s history. Models showing how dust forms and grows can also aid innovation on our own planet in areas such as nanotechnology \u2013 important in fields such as green energy and biotechnology.<\/p>\n<p class=\"selectionShareable\">As for the cosmos, investigating dust will ultimately help us form a fuller picture of the universe around us.<\/p>\n<p class=\"selectionShareable\">\u2018Dust plays a key role in the physical and chemical evolution of astronomical objects, but cannot be properly considered in models because of our limited knowledge on its nature and properties,\u2019 said Prof. Cernicharo. \u2018Any progress on this question will therefore have a strong impact in astrophysics and astrochemistry.\u2019<\/p>\n<p><em>Originally published on <a href=\"https:\/\/horizon-magazine.eu\">Horizon<\/a>.\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>by Gareth Willmer Measuring the vast quantities of cosmic dust in interstellar space may be a key to unlocking various mysteries of the cosmos, including how the grains form and whether new types of galaxy\u00a0are obscured by the particle clouds. Cosmic dust grains, which are born in stars, are the building blocks for other stars &#8230; <a title=\"Cosmic &#8216;dustpedias&#8217; could reveal new types of galaxy\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/scienceblog.com\/horizon\/480\/cosmic-dustpedias-could-reveal-new-types-of-galaxy\/\" aria-label=\"Read more about Cosmic &#8216;dustpedias&#8217; could reveal new types of galaxy\">Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":298,"featured_media":481,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"generate_page_header":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[15],"tags":[205,38,79,24,35],"class_list":["post-480","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-space","tag-cosmos","tag-physics","tag-research","tag-science","tag-space"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.4 (Yoast SEO v27.4) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Cosmic &#039;dustpedias&#039; could reveal new types of galaxy - Horizon Magazine Blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/scienceblog.com\/horizon\/480\/cosmic-dustpedias-could-reveal-new-types-of-galaxy\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Cosmic &#039;dustpedias&#039; could reveal new types of galaxy\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"by Gareth Willmer Measuring the vast quantities of cosmic dust in interstellar space may be a key to unlocking various mysteries of the cosmos, including how the grains form and whether new types of galaxy\u00a0are obscured by the particle clouds. 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