{"id":695,"date":"2019-02-20T11:09:55","date_gmt":"2019-02-20T11:09:55","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/horizon.peachpuff-wolverine-566518.hostingersite.com\/?p=695"},"modified":"2019-02-20T11:09:55","modified_gmt":"2019-02-20T11:09:55","slug":"studying-ant-cooperation-is-revealing-how-brains-work-together","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/scienceblog.com\/horizon\/695\/studying-ant-cooperation-is-revealing-how-brains-work-together\/","title":{"rendered":"Studying ant cooperation is revealing how brains work together"},"content":{"rendered":"
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By Jonathan O’Callaghan<\/strong><\/p>\n

As a child, you almost certainly at one stage spent hours watching ants move about from their nest. Maybe you dropped a piece of food and watched as a group of ants came and picked it up, carrying it home in an impressive display of cooperation.<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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What you probably didn\u2019t realise, however, is just how important this ability is to our understanding of not only insect brains, but our own brains as well. How ants work together and navigate their environment has important implications for group cognition and even autonomous technologies like self-driving cars, and our knowledge of this ability is growing faster than ever.<\/p>\n

Many groups of scientists around the world are now working on insect cognition, striving to understand exactly what it is inside their tiny brains that makes them such adept collaborators. And just like inquisitive children, they are watching as these ants leave and return to their nest with impressive dexterity.<\/p>\n

Collaborative<\/strong><\/p>\n

Dr Ofer Feinerman from the Weizmann Institute of Science in Rehovot, Israel is leading a project called\u00a0ANTSolve<\/a>\u00a0to study how ants work together to return food to their nests. Together with his team, he is investigating this type of collaborative behaviour to get a better understanding of collective cognition.<\/p>\n

\u2018When you group things together, ants or cells, biological entities or birds, what can you get more cognitively than the individual?\u2019 he said. \u2018This is the driving question\u2026Can it be that you take many individuals and get something that\u2019s in a way smarter than a single individual?\u2019<\/p>\n

To find out, Dr Feinerman and his team have been busy performing thousands of experiments on ant nests on their campus. Specifically they have been observing longhorn crazy ants, which despite the name are naturally fearful of other ants and thus tend to work together as much as possible. Setting up cameras and placing food near nests, the team have been watching as a sole ant first finds the food, then alerts her friends to come and help.<\/p>\n

\u2018Slowly ants will accumulate around this large food item,\u2019 he said. \u2018When there\u2019s enough of them, they\u2019ll start moving together. It\u2019s a cooperative effort. All of them together have enough muscle strength to move it.\u2019<\/p>\n

To get a better understanding of this process, the team have also been placing mazes made of sheets of plastic near the nest, which the ants must traverse to find the food and then return home. This is intended to simulate leaves and rocks or other objects that have obscured their path, to see what is the most difficult maze they can solve together.<\/p>\n

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\"Non-carrying
Non-carrying ants clear pebbles from their comrades\u2019 anticipated transport path. Image Credit – Dr Ehud Fonio<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n

The team have grander ambitions, too. They are devising a system using a rod and pivot to actively communicate with the ants \u2013 as the ants push on the rod, the researchers apply a tiny force to tell them which direction to go. Using this, the team can communicate with a single ant or with a whole group, and see how they respond.<\/p>\n

Early results from the research suggest that non-carrying ants play a role in the transport process, such as clearing pebbles from the anticipated path the carrying ants will use. And the applications from this research are vast. It includes things like using robots to move items within a warehouse, or even how humans can work together in terms of leadership, conformism and how hierarchies form.<\/p>\n

\u2018Almost everything in biology is cooperative,\u2019 said Dr Feinerman. \u2018So after we understand this one system, then you can think to generalise it to other parts of biology including groups of humans. Since the ants have worked together like this for more than 100 million years, we may have something to learn from them.\u2019<\/p>\n

Memory<\/strong><\/p>\n

While the ANTSolve project has been investigating group cognition, Dr Antoine Wystrach from the University of Toulouse in France is looking at a different type of insect cognition, namely how ants are able to navigate their environment. He is the project coordinator for\u00a0EMERG-ANT<\/a>, a project which has devised an intricate virtual reality system to study the movement of ants, which is indistinguishable to the ants from their real world.<\/p>\n

Dr Wystrach\u2019s experimental setup involves placing an extremely light ball in a cup, and then causing it to levitate with a burst of air. Using a piece of string, an ant is lowered onto the ball so that its legs are just touching it. Then, a spherical screen surrounding the ant displays a virtual reconstruction of the natural environment near its nest. As the ant moves, the image displayed also moves, making the ant think it is navigating in its natural habitat.<\/p>\n

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\u2018Ants are very famous for their collective intelligence.\u2019<\/p>\n

Dr Ofer Feinerman, Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<\/div>\n

\u2018We want to try to understand memory and learning and the visual part of long routes,\u2019 said Dr Wystrach. \u2018How they control their motor behaviour, all that is really cool. So the idea is to have them running in a virtual environment on an airflow treadmill. When the ant is moving, we\u2019re changing what we display in the video. So she\u2019s basically moving through a virtual world.\u2019<\/p>\n

Such an experiment would be considerably more difficult in a natural environment, where ants can cover hundreds of metres in a single day. This technique allows the researchers to watch ants over extremely long routes, and see how and where they move, how they move around obstacles, and so on.<\/p>\n

More importantly, the experiment allows them to discover how the ants can find their way home. By changing the video on the screen they can place the ants at different locations around their nest, and watch as they recalculate their route home.<\/p>\n

\u2018It\u2019s really surprising how good these ants are,\u2019 said Dr Wystrach. \u2018You can put them anywhere along a familiar route, and they will recognise a good route direction.\u2019<\/p>\n

This research could help us get a better understanding of how insect brains retain information by observing how ants learn their route in the virtual environment. And this has applications for things like self-driving cars, or cleaning robots like Roombas we use in our homes, which have to autonomously find their way around obstacles to reach a particular destination. Together with projects like ANTSolve, it will tell us more about how insect brains work \u2013 and even our own brains \u2013 than ever before.<\/p>\n

\u2018Ants are very famous for their collective intelligence,\u2019 said Dr Wystrach. \u2018This project, like many others, now starts to see the power of linking ecology and natural behaviour with mechanisms in neuroscience,\u2019 he added, noting that previous research on insect neurobiology had helped them hypothesise how their ants might behave.<\/p>\n

The research in this article was funded by the EU. If you liked this article, please consider sharing it on social media.<\/em><\/p>\n

Originally published on Horizon<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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