{"id":741,"date":"2019-03-25T11:25:16","date_gmt":"2019-03-25T11:25:16","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/horizon.peachpuff-wolverine-566518.hostingersite.com\/?p=741"},"modified":"2019-03-25T11:25:16","modified_gmt":"2019-03-25T11:25:16","slug":"biodiversity-loss-in-the-oceans-can-be-reversed-through-habitat-restoration","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/scienceblog.com\/horizon\/741\/biodiversity-loss-in-the-oceans-can-be-reversed-through-habitat-restoration\/","title":{"rendered":"Biodiversity loss in the oceans can be reversed through habitat restoration"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Activities such as laying gas pipelines, trawling for fish, drilling for oil, and even burying internet cables in the deep sea, are destroying marine ecosystems. But studies have shown that reintroducing seaweed and corals to these habitats could ward off the worst effects \u2013 and recover marine life.<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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Biodiversity loss is considered to be one of the most severe global environmental problems. In our oceans, this decline is heavily influenced by habitat degradation stemming from human activities.<\/p>\n

Without action, more than half of the world\u2019s marine species could be on the brink of extinction by the year 2100, according to\u00a0UNESCO<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Marine biodiversity loss hinders the ocean\u2019s ability to provide food for our growing population, with an estimated\u00a0three billion<\/a>\u00a0people dependent on fish as their primary source of dietary protein.<\/p>\n

We\u2019re also economically dependent on healthy oceans. According to the\u00a0World Wide Fund for Nature<\/a>, the ocean provides the world with goods and services worth at least \u20ac2.2 trillion every year.<\/p>\n

Some effects of biodiversity loss are less tangible. Many of the chemicals used in medical drugs and industrial compounds today came from marine plants and animals. With less known about the oceans than the moon, potentially useful marine organisms could be wiped out or seriously depleted before they are even discovered.<\/p>\n

\u2018If we lose biodiversity, we lose the opportunity to discover these crucially important compounds,\u2019 said Professor Roberto Danovaro, president of the\u00a0Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn in Naples, Italy.<\/a><\/p>\n

Restoration<\/strong><\/p>\n

The good news is that in the oceans,\u00a0ecosystem restoration<\/a>\u00a0can cause species that disappeared from a particular region to return, says Prof. Danovaro.<\/p>\n

\u2018The concept of biodiversity loss is different in marine and in terrestrial ecosystems. Because of the dimension of connection between seas and oceans, it\u2019s difficult to have a complete loss of biodiversity, an extinction,\u2019 said Prof. Danovaro.<\/p>\n

\u2018But, at the regional and the local scale, we have a loss of biodiversity if there is a decrease of a species to nothing in a certain region.\u2019<\/p>\n

Prof. Danovaro coordinates a project called\u00a0MERCES<\/a>, which is restoring habitats in biologically depleted regions of Europe by reintroducing key species, which are mainly plants and corals.<\/p>\n

If marine habitats can successfully be replenished with life, this means that ecosystems could recover from the damage caused by industrial development, from gas pipeline construction, for example, or mining activities.<\/p>\n

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\"Gorgonians
Gorgonians are being reintroduced in hard-bottom habitats in European seas. Image credit – Pxhere<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n

\u2018This is an opportunity not to stop (building) infrastructure but to find a solution to encourage blue growth (economic growth in the marine sector) development along with biodiversity conservation and habitat conservation,\u2019 Prof. Danovaro said.<\/p>\n

In the seagrass meadows of the Mediterranean, Baltic and North Atlantic the team is replanting seaweed species, in hard-bottom habitats they are reintroducing gorgonians (sea fans) and in deep-sea areas, corals. Several species of seaweed, called kelp, and brown algae encourage the return of sea urchins, crustaceans, gastropods, bivalves, starfish and their predators. Prof. Danovaro says that so far between 50% and 90% of animals have returned to these habitats, depending on the species reintroduced.<\/p>\n

The action taken by MERCES essentially speeds up how a natural ecosystem would recover in the absence of further impacts, according to Prof. Danovaro. \u2018We are doing in a few years what can be done by nature in a 100 years or more,\u2019 he said.<\/p>\n

New species<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ecosystem threats also come from the introduction of new species \u2013 sometimes but not always precipitated by harmful human activities and warming oceans \u2013 that can take over habitats. Newcomers often have defence mechanisms or other characteristics that allow them to outdo native animals when it comes to securing food and other resources.<\/p>\n

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\u2018We are doing in a few years what (ecological restoration) can be done by nature in a 100 years or more.\u2019<\/p>\n

Prof. Roberto Danovaro, president, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<\/div>\n

Scientists from a project called\u00a0EMERTOX<\/a>\u00a0have found an increasing amount of toxins from tropical algae native to the Caribbean and the Indian and Pacific Oceans is winding up the Mediterranean and North Atlantic.<\/p>\n

Professor Vitor Vasconcelos, the project\u2019s lead coordinator and biotechnology and ecotoxicology expert at the Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR) in Porto, Portugal, says that their increased presence is probably due to climate change, and possibly ballast water from ships.<\/p>\n

When ships dock or set sail, they usually either release water or take a certain volume of water into their ballast tank. The stored water ensures the ship\u2019s stability at sea, but can contain small sea creatures which are then released at a different port and can become established in a new area.<\/p>\n

\u2018Many of our activities are stressing the ecosystems, such as aquaculture and shipping. (Shipping) takes in a lot of ballast water and brings organisms to our waters that are not supposed to be here,\u2019 he said.<\/p>\n

The toxins that the algae produce are\u00a0poisonous to humans<\/a>. They can accumulate to deadly levels in fish and shellfish like mussels and sea snails, which are eaten in many European countries. Severe human non-fatal intoxications, due to eating fish or shellfish contaminated with these invasive toxins, have been reported in Portugal, Spain, France and Italy in the past 14 years.<\/p>\n

They can also disrupt the delicate balance of ecosystems. Toxic substances can be added to the arsenal of defences that shellfish deploy, increasing their chances of defeating predators.<\/p>\n

\u2018We already have evidence that these emerging toxins have an impact on the marine ecosystems because they are absorbed by species that never had them before. The balance is affected because they have new defence systems,\u2019 said Dr Marisa Silva, a researcher involved in the EMERTOX project.<\/p>\n

Toxins<\/strong><\/p>\n

The EMERTOX project will put together a series of maps of current and predicted toxin presence so that European authorities are well-informed about the likelihood of future toxic algae scenarios before someone is poisoned.<\/p>\n

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\"Dinoflagellate
Dinoflagellate is found over many different oceans, but their DNA helps to determine where they are from. Image credit – Dinoflagellate Model at NMNH by Mr.TinDC is licensed under CC BY-ND 2.0<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n

To do this, they\u2019ll map the presence of the marine toxins and the organisms that produce them, a type of phytoplankton known as a dinoflagellate.<\/p>\n

First, a photograph of the organism is taken so that the researchers can identify it by its size, colour and shape. Next, they extract its DNA using primers \u2013\u00a0tools that cut the DNA in specific places \u2013\u00a0and finally identify it by comparing the DNA fragments with others that are available in public databases.<\/p>\n

Examining the DNA in this way allows the team not only to identify the species but also to tell what region the microorganism calls home.<\/p>\n

\u2018DNA from populations of the same species but coming from different areas have slight differences. It\u2019s like having an identity card,\u2019 said Prof. Vasconcelos.<\/p>\n

\u2018For instance, the organisms from the Mediterranean have a different \u201cfingerprint\u201d compared to those that are coming from the Caribbean or the Pacific. By analysing the DNA we can understand these slight differences within the same species and by that we can understand the routes of dispersion of the species.\u2019<\/p>\n

The future scenarios will be built based on the DNA analyses and temperature and other data collected at various sites around Europe where the tropical toxins are already present.<\/p>\n

\u2018We want to develop models that will help us to predict what will the future occurrence of (toxin-producing) organisms in this area be if we increase the temperature by 5 or 10\u00b0C,\u2019 said Prof. Vasconcelos.<\/p>\n

The research in this article was funded by the EU. If you liked this article, please consider sharing it on social media.<\/em><\/p>\n

Originally published on Horizon<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Activities such as laying gas pipelines, trawling for fish, drilling for oil, and even burying internet cables in the deep sea, are destroying marine ecosystems. But studies have shown that reintroducing seaweed and corals to these habitats could ward off the worst effects \u2013 and recover marine life. Biodiversity loss is considered to be one … Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":325,"featured_media":742,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"generate_page_header":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[11],"tags":[126,4,75,79,24],"class_list":["post-741","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-earth-energy-environment","tag-climate-change","tag-environment","tag-oceans","tag-research","tag-science"],"yoast_head":"\nBiodiversity loss in the oceans can be reversed through habitat restoration - Horizon Magazine Blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/scienceblog.com\/horizon\/741\/biodiversity-loss-in-the-oceans-can-be-reversed-through-habitat-restoration\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Biodiversity loss in the oceans can be reversed through habitat restoration\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Activities such as laying gas pipelines, trawling for fish, drilling for oil, and even burying internet cables in the deep sea, are destroying marine ecosystems. 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