{"id":776,"date":"2019-04-15T10:38:38","date_gmt":"2019-04-15T10:38:38","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/horizon.peachpuff-wolverine-566518.hostingersite.com\/?p=776"},"modified":"2019-04-15T10:39:41","modified_gmt":"2019-04-15T10:39:41","slug":"can-artificial-intelligence-help-end-fake-news","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/scienceblog.com\/horizon\/776\/can-artificial-intelligence-help-end-fake-news\/","title":{"rendered":"Can artificial intelligence help end fake news?"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"field field-name-field-header field-type-text-long field-label-hidden\">\n<div class=\"field-items\">\n<div class=\"field-item even\">\n<p><em>by\u00a0Tom Cassauwers<\/em><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"selectionShareable\"><strong>Fake news has already fanned the flames of distrust towards media, politics and established institutions around the world. And while new technologies like artificial intelligence (AI) might make things even worse,\u00a0it can also be used to combat misinformation.<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden\">\n<div class=\"field-items\">\n<div class=\"field-item even\">\n<p class=\"selectionShareable\">Want to make yourself sound like Obama? In the past, that might have required physically imitating his voice, party-trick style. And even if you were very good at it, it almost certainly wouldn\u2019t present a danger to our democracy. But technology has changed that. You can now easily and accurately make anyone say anything through AI. Just use the service of an online program to record a sentence and listen to what you said in a famous person&#8217;s voice.<\/p>\n<p class=\"selectionShareable\">Programs like this are often called deep fakes &#8211; AI systems that adapt audio, pictures and videos to make people say and do things they never did.<\/p>\n<p class=\"selectionShareable\">These technologies could launch a new era of fake news and online misinformation. In 2017,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/news\/the-scientist-who-spots-fake-videos-1.22784\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Hany Farid<\/a>, a computer scientist at Dartmouth College,US, who detects fake videos said the rapid proliferation of new manipulation techniques has led to an \u2018arms race\u2019. Just imagine what elections will be like when we\u2019re no longer able to trust video and audio. But some researchers are now fighting back and showing that AI can also be used for good.<\/p>\n<p class=\"selectionShareable\">\u2018AI has many ethical problems,\u2019 said Francesco Nucci, applications research director at the Engineering Group, based in Italy. \u2018But sometimes it can also be the solution. You can use AI in unethical ways to for example make and spread fake news, but you can also use it to do good, for example, to combat misinformation.\u2019<\/p>\n<p class=\"selectionShareable\"><strong>Fact-checkers<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"selectionShareable\">He is the principal researcher\u00a0on the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/cordis.europa.eu\/project\/rcn\/213549\/factsheet\/en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Fandango<\/a>\u00a0project, which aims to do just that. The team is building software tools to help journalists and fact-checkers detect and fight fake news, says Nucci. They hope to serve journalists in three ways.<\/p>\n<p class=\"selectionShareable\">The first component is what Nucci calls content-independent detection by using tools which target the form of the content.<\/p>\n<p class=\"selectionShareable\">Nucci explains that today, images and video can easily be manipulated, whether through simple Photoshop or more complex techniques like deep fakes. Fandango\u2019s systems can reverse-engineer those changes, and use algorithms to help journalists spot manipulated content.<\/p>\n<div class=\"quote-view quotesBlock quote_horizontal\">\n<div class=\"quotesTop\"><\/div>\n<blockquote>\n<p class=\"selectionShareable\">\u2018Fake news is not a mathematical question of algorithms and data, but a very philosophical question of how we deal with the truth.\u2019<\/p>\n<p class=\"selectionShareable\">Francesco Nucci, Engineering Group, Italy<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"selectionShareable\">As these tools look at form, they don\u2019t check whether the content itself makes false claims, which is what Fandango\u2019s second line of research does. Here they link stories that have been proven false by human fact-checkers, and look for online pages or social media posts with similar words and claims.<\/p>\n<p class=\"selectionShareable\">\u2018The tools can spot which fake news stories share the same root and allow journalists to investigate them,\u2019 said Nucci.<\/p>\n<p class=\"selectionShareable\">Both of these components strongly rely on various AI algorithms, like the processing of natural language. The third component allows journalists to respond to fake news.<\/p>\n<p class=\"selectionShareable\">A fake story might, for example, make the claim that a very high percentage of crimes in a European country are committed by foreign immigrants. In theory that might be an easy claim to disprove because of large troves of available open data, yet journalists waste valuable time in finding that data. So Fandango\u2019s tool links all kinds of European open data sources together, and bundles and visualises it. Journalists can use, for example, pooled together national data to address claims about crimes or apply data from the European Copernicus satellites to climate change debates.<\/p>\n<p class=\"selectionShareable\">\u2018This way journalists can quickly respond to fake stories and not waste any time,\u2019 said Nucci.<\/p>\n<p class=\"selectionShareable\">Their tools are currently being tested by Belgian public broadcaster VRT, ANSA, the main Italian news agency, and CIVIO, a Spanish non-profit organisation.<\/p>\n<p class=\"selectionShareable\"><strong>Fake news detection<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"selectionShareable\">Yet spotting fake news might not only be a question of finding untrue claims, but also of analysing massive amounts of social media sharing patterns, says Michael Bronstein, professor at the University of Lugano in Switzerland and at Imperial College London, the UK.<\/p>\n<p class=\"selectionShareable\">He leads a project called\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/cordis.europa.eu\/project\/rcn\/218443\/factsheet\/en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">GoodNews<\/a>, which uses AI to take an atypical approach to fake news detection.<\/p>\n<p class=\"selectionShareable\">\u2018Most existing approaches look at the content,\u2019 said Prof. Bronstein. \u2018They analyse semantic features that are characteristic of fake news. Which works to a certain degree, but runs into all kinds of problems.<\/p>\n<p class=\"selectionShareable\">\u2018There are, for example, language barriers, platforms like WhatsApp don\u2019t give you access to the content because it\u2019s encrypted and in many cases fake news might be an image, which is harder to analyse using techniques like natural language processing.\u2019<\/p>\n<p class=\"selectionShareable\">So Prof. Bronstein and his team turned this model on its head, looking instead at how fake news spreads.<\/p>\n<p class=\"selectionShareable\">Essentially, previous studies show that fake news stories are shared online in different ways from real news stories, says Prof. Bronstein. Fake news might have far more shares than likes on Facebook, while regular posts tend to have more likes than they have shares. By spotting patterns like these, GoodNews attaches a credibility score to a news item.<\/p>\n<p class=\"selectionShareable\">The\u00a0team has\u00a0built their first prototype, which uses graph-based machine-learning, an AI-technique in which Prof. Bronstein is an expert. The prototype is trained on data from Twitter where the researchers trace stories fact-checked by journalists and shown to be false. Journalists in this way train the AI-algorithm by showing it which stories are fake, and which are not.<\/p>\n<p class=\"selectionShareable\">The GoodNews team hopes to monetise this service through a start-up called\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/fabula.ai\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Fabula AI<\/a>, based in London. While they hope to roll out the product at the end of the year, they envisage having customers such as large media companies like Facebook and Twitter, but also individual users.<\/p>\n<p class=\"selectionShareable\">\u2018Our bigger vision is that we want to become a credibility rating house for news, in the same way that certain companies rate a person&#8217;s consumer credit score,\u2019 said Prof. Bronstein.<\/p>\n<p class=\"selectionShareable\"><strong>Solve<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"selectionShareable\">Of course that leaves a bigger question &#8211; can technology really solve fake news? Both researchers are sceptical, but convinced technology can help. Nucci emphasises that the concept of fake news is contested, and that stories are often not entirely true, but also not entirely false.<\/p>\n<p class=\"selectionShareable\">\u2018Fake news is not a mathematical question of algorithms and data,\u2019 he said. \u2018But a very philosophical question of how we deal with the truth. Nevertheless our technology can help improve transparency around fake claims and misinformation.\u2019<\/p>\n<p class=\"selectionShareable\">Prof. Bronstein says it would be naive to expect technology to solve the problem of fake news.<\/p>\n<p class=\"selectionShareable\">\u2018It&#8217;s not just about detecting fake news. It\u2019s also a problem of trust and a lack of critical thinking. People are losing trust in traditional media and institutions, and that&#8217;s not something that can be mitigated only through technology,\u2019 he said.<\/p>\n<p class=\"selectionShareable\">\u2018It requires efforts from all stakeholders, and hopefully our project can play a part in this larger effort.\u2019<\/p>\n<p class=\"selectionShareable\"><em>The research in this article was funded by the EU. If you liked this article, please consider sharing it on social media.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>Originally published on <a href=\"https:\/\/horizon-magazine.eu\/\">Horizon<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>by\u00a0Tom Cassauwers Fake news has already fanned the flames of distrust towards media, politics and established institutions around the world. And while new technologies like artificial intelligence (AI) might make things even worse,\u00a0it can also be used to combat misinformation. Want to make yourself sound like Obama? In the past, that might have required physically &#8230; <a title=\"Can artificial intelligence help end fake news?\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/scienceblog.com\/horizon\/776\/can-artificial-intelligence-help-end-fake-news\/\" aria-label=\"Read more about Can artificial intelligence help end fake news?\">Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":298,"featured_media":777,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"generate_page_header":"","_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[10,112,16],"tags":[48,47,245,246,244,28],"class_list":["post-776","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-brain-behavior","category-ict","category-technology","tag-ai","tag-artificial-intelligence","tag-eu-elections","tag-eu-politics","tag-fake-news","tag-technology"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.6 (Yoast SEO v27.6) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Can artificial intelligence help end fake news? - Horizon Magazine Blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/scienceblog.com\/horizon\/776\/can-artificial-intelligence-help-end-fake-news\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Can artificial intelligence help end fake news?\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"by\u00a0Tom Cassauwers Fake news has already fanned the flames of distrust towards media, politics and established institutions around the world. 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And while new technologies like artificial intelligence (AI) might make things even worse,\u00a0it can also be used to combat misinformation. Want to make yourself sound like Obama? In the past, that might have required physically ... 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Their non-transparency could fuel practical problems, or even racism, which is why researchers increasingly want to open this \u2018black box\u2019 and make AI explainable. In February of\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;ICT&quot;","block_context":{"text":"ICT","link":"https:\/\/scienceblog.com\/horizon\/category\/ict\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"When decisions are made by artificial intelligence, it can be difficult for the end user to understand the reasoning behind them. 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