{"id":778,"date":"2019-04-16T09:14:22","date_gmt":"2019-04-16T09:14:22","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/horizon.peachpuff-wolverine-566518.hostingersite.com\/?p=778"},"modified":"2019-04-16T09:14:22","modified_gmt":"2019-04-16T09:14:22","slug":"can-gut-microbes-and-genes-do-the-job-of-weight-loss-surgery","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/scienceblog.com\/horizon\/778\/can-gut-microbes-and-genes-do-the-job-of-weight-loss-surgery\/","title":{"rendered":"Can gut microbes and genes do the job of weight loss surgery?"},"content":{"rendered":"
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by\u00a0Emanuela Barbiroglio<\/em><\/h5>\n

Mice that have undergone weight loss surgery experience a change in the composition of their gut bacteria and the functioning of their genes, leading scientists to explore the possibility of mimicking these changes to develop a non-surgical treatment for obesity and liver disease in humans.\u00a0<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/div>\n

Obesity and associated metabolic diseases such as lifestyle-related Type 2 diabetes result from genetic and environmental influences. According to the World Health Organization<\/a>, obesity has nearly tripled since 1975 and more than 650 million adults were obese in 2016. For the same year, the\u00a0prevalence of obesity<\/a>\u00a0among Europeans was an estimated 23.3%. Yet effective treatment remains a challenge.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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One of the most promising procedures to treat obesity and metabolic diseases are weight-loss, or bariatric, surgeries, of which there are four types – Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, gastric sleeve, gastric band and biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch. For some patients, the surgery works and the weight stays off. Others can develop\u00a0post-operation complications<\/a>or side effects such as chronic nausea or hernias.<\/p>\n

But these operations can also help fix problems related to poor metabolism. \u2018Bariatric surgery has been around for 50 years and we still don\u2019t know why we see improvement in metabolic diseases,\u2019 said Dr Fredrik B\u00e4ckhed, an expert in microbiology and mouse physiology at the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg in Sweden.<\/p>\n

Dr B\u00e4ckhed has spent the past 15 years researching the microorganisms that live in the digestive tracts of both humans and rodents. His aim is to understand the relationship between human health and gut bacteria.<\/p>\n

Around 2008, he first developed a hypothesis about bariatric surgery. \u2018I started thinking perhaps this surgery that has a profound effect on gut physiology would affect the microbiota, too,\u2019 he said.<\/p>\n

Gut bacteria<\/strong><\/p>\n

Through a project called\u00a0METABASE<\/a>, he and his team have been studying how mice and human gut bacteria might change after surgery, and whether this in turn modulates the procedure\u2019s beneficial effects.<\/p>\n

Four years ago, his team at the university had a breakthrough when they showed him data proving that human microbiota altered after surgery and contributed to reduced fat mass gain in mice.<\/p>\n

To show this, they compared the microbiota in patients who underwent a gastric bypass and a vertical banded gastroplasty, commonly known as gastric band or stomach stapling. They realised that the more effective the surgery for weight loss \u2013 gastric bypass \u2013 the more profound the effect on the microbiota.<\/p>\n

Then, by transferring the microbiota contained in the faeces of humans before and after surgery to mice, they were able to see that mice with microbiota from post-surgery patients didn\u2019t gain much fat mass. In a more recent experiment they performed a gastric sleeve procedure on mice both with and without microbiota to compare and analyse the relevance of the bacteria itself.<\/p>\n

\u2018What we know is that the microbiota is altered after bariatric surgery in mice and humans and that the altered microbiota can contribute, in part, to the improved metabolic parameters like body weight and insulin resistance,\u2019 Dr B\u00e4ckhed said. \u2018It was very important for me to see that this modification through bariatric surgery could contribute to (some of) the effects of the procedure.\u2019<\/p>\n

Comparing a microbiota-free mouse to one colonised with post-surgery bacteria also showed that gut bacteria contributes to obesity in people with Western-style diets, according to Dr B\u00e4ckhed. Microbiota can alter metabolism by affecting nutrient processing and generation of energy.<\/p>\n

Changes<\/strong><\/p>\n

The team will continue to study how microbiota changes after surgery, and are now trying to figure out what part of the operation induces changes in microbiota.<\/p>\n

Ultimately, this analysis may reveal whether it is possible to induce those microbiotic alterations that lead to weight loss and improvements in metabolism without having surgery.<\/p>\n

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\u2018I hope we will be able to use this tool to explore other diseases that are currently alleviated by bariatric surgery.\u2019<\/p>\n

Dr Danny Ben-Zvi, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<\/div>\n

\u2018It depends what we find,\u2019 Dr B\u00e4ckhed said. \u2018Perhaps we find a new drug that will change the microbiota in a similar fashion as the surgery or we can identify bacteria (in humans) that can have (an) effect.\u2019<\/p>\n

Bariatric surgery can also help manage Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) for which obesity is a major risk factor.<\/p>\n

As the head of a lab at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel, system biologist Dr Danny Ben-Zvi is looking for molecular processes that can lead to the reversal of NAFLD by studying how bariatric procedures affect mice.<\/p>\n

NAFLD is caused by the accumulation of fat in the liver cells without the consumption of alcohol. It is often linked to obesity and affects\u00a0one in four adults globally<\/a>, with the highest prevalence in the Middle East and South America and the lowest in Africa. For some people, this disease is only a precursor to other conditions, such as severe liver inflammation called NASH (Non-Alcoholic SteatoHepatitis), cirrhosis, liver failure and cancer. Because there are no clear symptoms, many lean people can have it without knowing that they do.<\/p>\n

Dr Ben-Zvi was studying diabetic mice when he discovered one type that underwent bariatric surgery but didn\u2019t lose weight \u2013 despite their livers becoming healthy at that point. The mice turned out to have a mutation in their receptors for hormone collection which made them eat all the time.<\/p>\n

\u2018It was very strange and exciting at the same time,\u2019 he said. \u2018These mice were obese but were no longer sick.\u2019<\/p>\n

Genes<\/strong><\/p>\n

Dr Ben-Zvi found that bariatric surgery completely altered the expression patterns of genes in the mice livers \u2013 something that has also been observed in human patients, he says.<\/p>\n

He started the\u00a0BARINAFLD<\/a>\u00a0project last November to identify exactly which genes and genetic pathways are changed by the surgery. By understanding this, Dr Ben-Zvi believes it will be possible to mimic the positive effects of surgery for NAFLD by tapping into certain genes and without ever turning to the scalpel. Instead, the same result could be obtained through nutrition and drugs that activate or repress a gene pathway, he says.<\/p>\n

\u2018I think we will have a handle on how can we treat fatty liver in human patients,\u2019 Dr Ben-Zvi said. \u2018And I hope we will be able to use this tool to explore other diseases that are currently alleviated by bariatric surgery, such as arteriosclerosis (blocking of the arteries).\u2019<\/p>\n

Types of weight-loss surgery<\/h3>\n

Roux-en-y gastric bypass<\/strong>, commonly called gastric bypass, is one of the most popular procedures. It involves stapling the stomach to create a small upper pouch that receives food \u2013 which bypasses the lower stomach chamber \u2013 and rerouting the small intestine. Patients often lose around\u00a0one third<\/a>\u00a0of their body weight.<\/p>\n

The\u00a0laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy,<\/strong>\u00a0or gastric sleeve, also uses stapling to decrease stomach size and remove about 80% of it. The remaining ‘sleeve’ restricts how much food can be consumed, while allowing nutrients to be absorbed in the normal way. Patients can lose up to 70% of their excess weight.<\/p>\n

An\u00a0adjustable gastric band\u00a0<\/strong>procedure uses keyhole surgery to position a soft silicon band around the upper part of the stomach to create a small pouch. The band induces weight loss by bringing on a feeling of fullness after a small portion of food is eaten. This feeling lasts for a while as it takes the food some time to make its way through the band.<\/p>\n

The\u00a0biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch<\/strong>\u00a0has two steps. A stomach pouch is created through the removal of part of the stomach, similar to a gastric sleeve operation, then about three-quarters of the small intestine is rerouted so that it is bypassed by the food stream. This is the most effective surgery for weight loss, but comes with higher rates of complication and mortality.<\/p>\n

The research in this article was funded by the EU. If you liked this article, please consider sharing it on social media.<\/em><\/p>\n

Originally published on Horizon<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

by\u00a0Emanuela Barbiroglio Mice that have undergone weight loss surgery experience a change in the composition of their gut bacteria and the functioning of their genes, leading scientists to explore the possibility of mimicking these changes to develop a non-surgical treatment for obesity and liver disease in humans.\u00a0 Obesity and associated metabolic diseases such as lifestyle-related … Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":298,"featured_media":779,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"generate_page_header":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[12],"tags":[247,37,25,95,216,79,248],"class_list":["post-778","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-health","tag-bariatric-surgery","tag-health","tag-innovation","tag-medicine","tag-obesity","tag-research","tag-surgery"],"yoast_head":"\nCan gut microbes and genes do the job of weight loss surgery? - Horizon Magazine Blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/scienceblog.com\/horizon\/778\/can-gut-microbes-and-genes-do-the-job-of-weight-loss-surgery\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Can gut microbes and genes do the job of weight loss surgery?\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"by\u00a0Emanuela Barbiroglio Mice that have undergone weight loss surgery experience a change in the composition of their gut bacteria and the functioning of their genes, leading scientists to explore the possibility of mimicking these changes to develop a non-surgical treatment for obesity and liver disease in humans.\u00a0 Obesity and associated metabolic diseases such as lifestyle-related ... 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