{"id":85,"date":"2018-01-08T10:40:21","date_gmt":"2018-01-08T10:40:21","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/horizon.peachpuff-wolverine-566518.hostingersite.com\/?p=85"},"modified":"2018-05-29T23:42:34","modified_gmt":"2018-05-29T23:42:34","slug":"modifying-memories-during-sleep-could-reduce-trauma","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/scienceblog.com\/horizon\/85\/modifying-memories-during-sleep-could-reduce-trauma\/","title":{"rendered":"Modifying memories during sleep could reduce trauma"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"field field-name-field-header field-type-text-long field-label-hidden\">\n<div class=\"field-items\">\n<div class=\"field-item even\">\n<p class=\"selectionShareable\"><strong>Reducing the trauma associated with bad memories while someone is asleep sounds like the stuff of science fiction, but it could become a reality in 10 years thanks to a greater understanding of how the brain encodes memories during sleep.<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden\">\n<div class=\"field-items\">\n<div class=\"field-item even\">\n<p class=\"selectionShareable\">A good snooze is known to be important for forming memories but it is only recently that scientists are starting to understand the details, and the work could lead to better treatments for people suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder or age-related forgetfulness.<\/p>\n<p class=\"selectionShareable\">In 2015, Dr Karim Benchenane from the National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) in Paris, France, and his colleagues demonstrated for the first time that false memories could be created in mice while they were sleeping. The team targeted nerve cells, or neurons, in the brain that fire when the animal is, or thinks\u00a0of being, in a specific location \u2014 the so-called \u2018place cells\u2019 that provide both rodents and people with an internal map.<\/p>\n<p class=\"selectionShareable\">\u2018When mice sleep after exploring an environment, you see that the same neurons are reactivated in the same order,\u2019 said Dr Benchenane. \u2018Replaying that information in the brain while sleeping is just like repetition in learning. This repetition improves memory consolidation.\u2019<\/p>\n<p class=\"selectionShareable\">Using electrodes, the team recorded the activity of place cells when mice explored their environment and later when they slept. They then stimulated the brain areas associated with reward when particular place cells fired \u2013 each of which is associated with a specific location. When they awoke, the mice had a new memory and headed straight to that reward-associated location.<\/p>\n<p class=\"selectionShareable\">\u2018When you stimulate parts of the brain associated with reward during sleep, it\u2019s just like the animal gets a huge reward in the physical world. We can make the animal believe that it gets a reward in a particular location in the environment,\u2019 explained Dr Benchenane. \u2018This means when place cells fire in sleep, they still convey spatial information.\u2019<\/p>\n<p class=\"selectionShareable\"><strong>Traumatic<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"selectionShareable\">Now Dr Benchenane hopes to build on this work by using a similar technique to alter negative memories associated with traumatic events in mice, as part of a project called MNEMOSYNE, funded by the EU\u2019s European Research Council (ERC).<\/p>\n<p class=\"selectionShareable\">\u2018We want to use reactivation during sleep to treat pathologies associated with fear or anxiety, such as post-traumatic stress disorder,\u2019 said Dr Benchenane.<\/p>\n<p class=\"selectionShareable\">The idea is to add positive thoughts to bad memories. \u2018We have managed to modify the emotional imbalance of a memory during sleep by stimulating the reward areas in the brain, meaning we can take a memory that is neutral \u2014 a location in the physical world for instance \u2014 and make it positive. Now we have to understand how positive and negative memories compete in the brain, and see if a positive memory can suppress a negative one, or even make it neutral,\u2019 he said.<\/p>\n<p class=\"selectionShareable\">Dr Benchenane and his colleagues plan to give an electrical shock to mice when they are in a specific location, to associate this location with a bad memory. Then, while the mice are asleep, they will stimulate the reward areas in the brain when the place cells fire in this specific location, to change the negative memory into a positive one.<\/p>\n<div class=\"quotesBlock quote_horizontal\">\n<blockquote>\n<p class=\"selectionShareable\">\u2018The application in humans might not be that far away \u2014 we\u2019re talking about 10 years which is quite soon when we\u2019re talking about science.\u2019<\/p>\n<p class=\"selectionShareable\">Dr Karim Benchenane, CNRS, France<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"selectionShareable\">\u2018During wakefulness, the rodent will learn to avoid this location because it&#8217;s frightening,\u2019 he explained. \u2018But after waking up, we&#8217;ll see if the reward we gave during sleep will be able to suppress the aversion memory we gave during wakefulness.\u2019<\/p>\n<p class=\"selectionShareable\">If their results in rodents are promising, the technique could be developed for people.<\/p>\n<p class=\"selectionShareable\">\u2018The application in humans might not be that far away \u2014 we\u2019re talking about 10 years which is quite soon when we\u2019re talking about science,\u2019 said Dr Benchenane. \u2018But first we need to understand how positive and negative valence (whether someone feels good or bad about something) compete in the brain. We don\u2019t want to make people like what they are scared of.\u2019<\/p>\n<p class=\"selectionShareable\">While some people might benefit from having memories reduced, others would like to see them strengthened \u2013 a key function of a normal night\u2019s sleep.<\/p>\n<p class=\"selectionShareable\">As we doze, our brains replay our day. Like this, some memories are consolidated or strengthened whereas unimportant memories are selected and forgotten.<\/p>\n<p class=\"selectionShareable\">\u2018The brain has time to work on strengthening and selecting memories with less disturbance during sleep,\u2019 said Professor Anders Martin Fjell from the University of Oslo in Norway. \u2018Selective forgetting is as important as memory per se, since we do not have the capacity to remember all that we experience, and sleep seems to help us with this too.\u2019<\/p>\n<p class=\"selectionShareable\"><strong>Older<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"selectionShareable\">But as we grow older, our ability to form\u00a0new memories for specific events in our lives worsens. It not only takes longer to learn new information, but it is also harder to recall that information.<\/p>\n<p class=\"selectionShareable\">Prof. Fjell is looking at how age affects the way memories are unconsciously strengthened in the brain during sleep and its impact on memory loss in the elderly, as part of the ERC-funded project AgeConsolidate.<\/p>\n<p class=\"selectionShareable\">\u2018Since a large proportion of cognitively healthy older adults report to be worried about their own memory function, finding the causes of reduced memory in ageing is important,\u2019 said Prof. Fjell. \u2018This will also allow us to develop strategies for reducing memory problems in ageing.\u2019<\/p>\n<p class=\"selectionShareable\">Although we know age affects our ability to encode (or learn) and retrieve information, studies on how memories are strengthened \u2013 or consolidated \u2013 in the ageing brain have largely been ignored until now, says Prof. Fjell.<\/p>\n<p class=\"selectionShareable\">He hopes to strengthen selected memories without the participants consciously retrieving or activating them \u2014 as these will otherwise be encoded a second time.<\/p>\n<p class=\"selectionShareable\">To do this, Prof. Fjell and his team will use a technique called targeted memory reactivation (TMR) by using sound\u00a0to stimulate people\u2019s brains while they sleep\u00a0in a scanner. The idea is to boost the memory-strengthening processes that happen during deep sleep in order to\u00a0get a better understanding of the neural mechanisms responsible for increasing memory consolidation.<\/p>\n<p class=\"selectionShareable\">The scans will be carried out across participants with above- and below-average memory function at two-year intervals to look at changes in their brains and specific memories over time.<\/p>\n<p class=\"selectionShareable\">\u2018As many people experience changes in sleeping patterns \u2014 and sometimes quality \u2014 with age, it is important to know whether sleep contributes to the reduced memory in ageing,\u2019 said Prof. Fjell.<\/p>\n<p><em>Originally published on <a href=\"https:\/\/horizon-magazine.eu\/article\/modifying-memories-during-sleep-could-reduce-trauma_en.html\">Horizon<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Reducing the trauma associated with bad memories while someone is asleep sounds like the stuff of science fiction, but it could become a reality in 10 years thanks to a greater understanding of how the brain encodes memories during sleep. A good snooze is known to be important for forming memories but it is only &#8230; <a title=\"Modifying memories during sleep could reduce trauma\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/scienceblog.com\/horizon\/85\/modifying-memories-during-sleep-could-reduce-trauma\/\" aria-label=\"Read more about Modifying memories during sleep could reduce trauma\">Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":317,"featured_media":86,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"generate_page_header":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[10,12],"tags":[56,7,54,45,55],"class_list":["post-85","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-brain-behavior","category-health","tag-memory","tag-neuroscience","tag-ptsd","tag-sleep","tag-trauma"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.4 (Yoast SEO v27.4) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Modifying memories during sleep could reduce trauma - Horizon Magazine Blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/scienceblog.com\/horizon\/85\/modifying-memories-during-sleep-could-reduce-trauma\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Modifying memories during sleep could reduce trauma\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Reducing the trauma associated with bad memories while someone is asleep sounds like the stuff of science fiction, but it could become a reality in 10 years thanks to a greater understanding of how the brain encodes memories during sleep. A good snooze is known to be important for forming memories but it is only ... 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