{"id":997,"date":"2019-09-30T08:35:14","date_gmt":"2019-09-30T08:35:14","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/horizon.peachpuff-wolverine-566518.hostingersite.com\/?p=997"},"modified":"2019-09-30T08:35:14","modified_gmt":"2019-09-30T08:35:14","slug":"better-understanding-sensory-perception-could-help-people-with-autism-and-dyslexia","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/scienceblog.com\/horizon\/997\/better-understanding-sensory-perception-could-help-people-with-autism-and-dyslexia\/","title":{"rendered":"Better understanding sensory perception could help people with autism and dyslexia"},"content":{"rendered":"

by Jules Montague<\/p>\n

Deciphering how the brain processes sight and hearing could have implications for how we understand and treat conditions such as dyslexia, autism and schizophrenia.<\/strong><\/h3>\n
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During her postdoctoral studies, neuroscientist Katharina von Kriegstein was running experiments to see how hearing and voice recognition activated the brain\u2019s auditory areas when she got a surprising result. Unlike her participants, her scans alone showed activity in the brain\u2019s visual areas. \u2018No other subject had this weird activity,\u2019 she recalled.<\/p>\n

She now knows why. In part, it was because she visually recognised her subjects. But her research since has revealed something else: \u2018When we have brief communication with a person, for two minutes for example, we also use visual areas to help auditory processing, to help recognise the person by voice.\u2019<\/p>\n

Today, von Kriegstein is a professor of cognitive and clinical neuroscience at Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden, Germany, who researches multisensory experiences \u2013 seeing and hearing. Through a project called\u00a0SENSOCOM<\/a>, she is exploring how sensory perception affects communication, focusing on the brain\u2019s deep subcortical structures.<\/p>\n

By doing this, she and her team are exploring a part of the brain traditionally excluded by research trying to understand communication impairments found in autism spectrum disorder and dyslexia, conditions which affect\u00a0around 53 million people in Europe<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u2018The core thing is that we look at very early structures, the sensory pathways, whilst most of the researchers have been looking at cognitive function (in the cerebral cortex),\u2019 she said. \u2018So, in autism, more so even than in dyslexia, basically almost all work is being done, or has been done, in the cerebral cortex (and structures having to do with emotion).\u2019<\/p>\n

Communication<\/strong><\/p>\n

Prof. von Kriegstein believes that delving into less-studied neural processing machinery could explain some crucial communication issues in dyslexia and autism that were previously attributed mainly to dysfunction of the cortical regions.<\/p>\n

\u2018The thinking was that actually that our eyes and ears deliver the sensory signals to the cerebral cortex and the subcortical structures are just for basically relaying this information and the cortex does all the very interesting stuff,\u2019 she said. \u2018But now we know there are a lot of feedback connections and so on and so it makes sense to look at these structures that have been thought to be very uninteresting for a long time.\u2019<\/p>\n

These structures have also been difficult to study using the non-invasive techniques available to date since they are small in size and positioned deeply within the brain. So far, research into subcortical structures and dyslexia has largely focused on animal models and post-mortem cases. But Prof. von Kriegstein and her team are overcoming those challenges in humans by using newly developed techniques in ultra-high-resolution neuroimaging.<\/p>\n

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In autism, more so even than in dyslexia, basically almost all work is being done, or has been done, in the cerebral cortex (and structures having to do with emotion).<\/p>\n

Katharina von Kriegstein, Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden, Germany<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<\/div>\n

Her team is exploring whether sensory processing difficulties in high-functioning autism contribute to social communication impairments, such as recognising vocal emotions and pitch in others, as well as in dyslexia, a learning disability characterised by difficulty in fluent reading.<\/p>\n

To do this they have been focusing on the\u00a0sensory\u00a0pathways linked to these deep structures. She and her group\u00a0discovered<\/a>\u00a0that adults with dyslexia have weaker pathway connections between a visual subcortical structure (the left visual thalamus) with\u00a0an area of the cortex\u00a0called V5\/MT, which is critical for the perception of visual motion. In the auditory mode, there was a similar finding. The team discovered weaker connections between the\u00a0left auditory thalamus<\/a>\u00a0and a cortex structure linked to auditory motion, which is important for speech perception. These connections could therefore be important for reading and for predicting reading skill, according to Dr von Kriegstein.<\/p>\n

Difficulty with rapid naming is a core dyslexia symptom. And the team found that the weaker the connection, the more time needed to name letters and numbers aloud.<\/p>\n

Mechanisms<\/strong><\/p>\n

So how might this translate into helping people with dyslexia? This is basic science, says Prof. von Kriegstein, so first it\u2019s crucial to understand the mechanisms behind communications disorders before developing therapy training tools, although she is optimistic these could lie within reach.<\/p>\n

Her lab is also looking at neurostimulation, specifically a non-invasive technique called transcranial magnetic stimulation, to better understand how communication works. This technique involves placing a coil against the scalp to generate magnetic pulses which temporarily alter the brain\u2019s neural activity. By measuring the impact of stimulation on communication, researchers aim to understand which brain regions are important for a particular process. \u2018Of course if it works, one could target these areas better,\u2019 she said.<\/p>\n

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\"Scientists
Scientists are using transcranial magnetic stimulation to understand which brain regions are important for communication. Image credit – Mathias Von Kriegstein<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n

In fact, researchers in Israel in 2015 reported that neurostimulation \u2018resulted in a significant\u00a0improvement in dyslexics\u2019 rapid naming abilities for numbers<\/a>\u00a0and a trend toward improvement for letters.\u2019<\/p>\n

Better understanding how the brain processes sensory experiences could also have implications for another condition \u2013 schizophrenia.<\/p>\n

Whenever we use our senses, perhaps smelling coffee or hearing a train chug by, electrical activity is generated within neuronal networks.<\/p>\n

The way the brain encodes information and in turn directs perception of that sensory experience is a highly variable process.<\/p>\n

Tommaso Fellin<\/a>, a principal investigator at Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT) in Genoa, Italy, leads a project called\u00a0NEURO-PATTERNS<\/a>, which aims to better understand how brain coding during sensory perception works and the most important activity patterns. It could also reveal the anomalies linked to disease.<\/p>\n

\u2018Understanding this basic property of the mammalian brain has the potential to shed light on brain diseases,\u2019 said Dr Fellin, \u2018especially for those conditions which are characterised by alterations in sensory perception.\u2019<\/p>\n

Schizophrenia<\/strong><\/p>\n

This research is therefore relevant for studying conditions like schizophrenia with deficits in auditory and sensory processing.<\/p>\n

The sensory overload or distorted and heightened perceptions described by schizophrenia patients, for instance, could relate to these deficits. Sensory dysfunction has also been\u00a0linked<\/a>\u00a0to delusions and hallucinations as well as difficulties with attention and reading the emotions or tone of others \u2013 all of which can affect social interaction.<\/p>\n

According to Dr Fellin, decreased connectivity between nerve cells (neurons) appears to play an important role in the progression of schizophrenia.<\/p>\n

So far, Dr Fellin and his group have identified\u00a0which specific neurons influence sensory responses<\/a>\u00a0in mouse studies, but not yet in animal models of schizophrenia, with similar investigations in\u00a0glial cells<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0– the supporting cells of the nervous system.<\/p>\n

Now, they\u2019re\u00a0developing new technologies<\/a>\u00a0to stimulate and monitor activity in neurons, even at single cell resolution and\u00a0in deep brain regions<\/a>.<\/u><\/p>\n

This work reflects a broader recent renewed focus in schizophrenia research on\u00a0sensory process deficits rather than an emphasis<\/a>\u00a0on higher-order cognitive processes such as memory.<\/p>\n

And it could in the future help researchers design better diagnostic tools and treatment options.<\/p>\n

The research in this article was funded by the European Research Council. If you liked this article, please consider sharing it on social media.<\/em><\/p>\n

Originally published on Horizon<\/a>.\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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During her postdoctoral studies, neuroscientist Katharina von Kriegstein was running experiments to see how hearing and voice recognition activated the brain\u2019s auditory areas when she got a surprising … Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":298,"featured_media":998,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"generate_page_header":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[12],"tags":[37,79,24],"class_list":["post-997","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-health","tag-health","tag-research","tag-science"],"yoast_head":"\nBetter understanding sensory perception could help people with autism and dyslexia - Horizon Magazine Blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/scienceblog.com\/horizon\/997\/better-understanding-sensory-perception-could-help-people-with-autism-and-dyslexia\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Better understanding sensory perception could help people with autism and dyslexia\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"by Jules Montague Deciphering how the brain processes sight and hearing could have implications for how we understand and treat conditions such as dyslexia, autism and schizophrenia. 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