{"id":480,"date":"2016-04-17T13:25:30","date_gmt":"2016-04-17T13:25:30","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/joshmitteldorf.peachpuff-wolverine-566518.hostingersite.com\/?p=480"},"modified":"2016-04-17T13:25:30","modified_gmt":"2016-04-17T13:25:30","slug":"aging-is-a-military-coup","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/scienceblog.com\/joshmitteldorf\/2016\/04\/17\/aging-is-a-military-coup\/","title":{"rendered":"Aging is a Military Coup"},"content":{"rendered":"

The military forces of the United States are not to be deployed within the country.\u00a0 Many people think it\u2019s a clause in the Constitution, but actually it was an afterthought, enacted into law in 1807, strengthened and clarified by the Posse Comitatus Act of 1878.<\/p>\n

The Founding Fathers reasoned that government is always in danger of assuming imperial powers, escaping from democratic control.\u00a0 If ever our government were to turn against the people and treat them like a domestic enemy, they would not start from the ground floor to assemble an occupying force; rather they would be tempted to use the existing military forces, the standing army, grotesquely turned against the American people whom they were sworn to defend and protect.<\/p>\n

Evolution as conceived by Charles Darwin has no forethought and no central direction, but often the results of natural selection are elegant and economical, as though they had been planned.\u00a0 If evolution found it necessary to regulate the individual\u2019s life span for the larger good of the community or the ecosystem, there would be no need to invent a new and specialized death program.\u00a0 It would be far easier to coopt the body\u2019s existing armies, and redirect them in a suicide mission.<\/p>\n

The science of aging in the last twenty years has made one discovery after another of the body\u2019s protective armies turned inward, repurposed to destroy the self.\u00a0 In each case, researchers specialized in one particular disease notice that the body is attacking itself; they imagine that this is a unique case of \u201csomething gone awry\u201d, and they write about \u201cdysregulation\u201d of this system or that system.\u00a0 But when generalists in gerontology step back and see many examples of the same pattern, they suspect an evolutionary purpose.\u00a0 In the same sense that the purpose of our eyes is to gather visual information and the purpose of our kidneys is to filter waste from our blood, we may say that aging has an evolutionary purpose, and that purpose is to eliminate the individual for the larger good of the community. All for one and one for all — only the \u201cone\u201d in this case is not the individual animal but the whole population, which if it grows too fast can crash\u00a0the ecosystem on which all depend.<\/p>\n

Arthritis.<\/b> \u00a0The old view of arthritis was that the cartilage that cushions and lubricates our joints wears away with years of use.\u00a0 Now it is recognized that osteo-arthritis has the same roots as rheumatoid arthritis.\u00a0 It is an auto-immune disorder, the body\u2019s immune system turned traitor against our bones and cartilage.<\/p>\n

Atherosclerosis.<\/b> \u00a0The old view of coronary heart disease was that over many years, cholesterol deposits on the artery walls in the same way that mineral deposits build up inside a water pipe and gradually come to clog the pipe completely.\u00a0 Now it is recognized that inflammation plays an essential role.\u00a0 When we are injured, inflammation is the body\u2019s first line of defense against invading microbes; but in old age inflammation attacks healthy tissues, and the delicate linings of our arteries are among the most vulnerable.\u00a0 Inflamed pieces of the artery walls break off, clog the artery and cause heart attacks.<\/p>\n

Cancer.<\/b> \u00a0The old view was that there are random mutations in a particular cell line, a series of unfortunate accidents that cause the cells to disregard regulating signals from the body and just continue replicating and growing out of control.\u00a0 Now we realize that cancer is a failure of the body\u2019s immune defense system.\u00a0 When we are young, our white blood cells search and destroy incipient cancers, but as we get older the immune early warning system is gradually shut down.\u00a0 The thymus gland, where these white cells are trained for their task, gradually atrophies with age.\u00a0 And the cancer mutations themselves are not steady and random, but are ramped up as we get older by chronic, systemic inflammation.\u00a0 Further, the deadliness of cancer comes not from the selfishness of uncontrolled growth, but from malicious \u201concogenes\u201d that create toxins, poisoning the body from the inside out.<\/p>\n

Alzheimer\u2019s Disease.<\/b> \u00a0This is the latest paradigm to shift, highlighted in an article this week<\/a> in the MIT Technology Review about\u00a0the work of Harvard Med School Professor Beth Stevens.\u00a0 The old view was that plaques and tangles accumulate in the brain from cellular waste products.\u00a0 Now we are beginning to see that glial cells are the culprits.\u00a0 When we are infants, the brain is sculpted by subtraction.\u00a0 It is the glial cells that decide which nerve connections to keep and which to prune.\u00a0 But in old age, this article reports, the cells \u201cgo rogue\u201d and begin\u2014unexplainably\u2014to destroy nerve connections that are healthy, even essential for the brain\u2019s function.\u00a0 Could it be that this, too, is not a random dysfunctional behavior, but part of evolution\u2019s program to reliably fix our life spans?<\/p>\n

Evolutionary biologists<\/b> have been the last to recognize this paradigm shift in our understanding of aging.\u00a0 Since the 1960s, they have been committed to the idea that natural selection cares only about the individual, never the community.\u00a0 This is the theory of the Selfish Gene.\u00a0 But a growing wing of academic scientists has been gathering evidence that natural selection works both on individuals and on groups.\u00a0 The new view is that evolution occurs simultaneously on multiple levels, so that both selfish and cooperative behaviors appear. \u00a0Communities and entire ecosystems may evolve in a way that is integrated for the good of the whole.\u00a0 Only in this context can we make sense of the body\u2019s civil insurrection that is aging.\u00a0 We die individually as part of nature\u2019s regulation of the ecological community.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

The military forces of the United States are not to be deployed within the country.\u00a0 Many people think it\u2019s a clause in the Constitution, but actually it was an afterthought, enacted into law in 1807, strengthened and clarified by the Posse Comitatus Act of 1878. The Founding Fathers reasoned that government is always in danger … Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":65,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-480","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"yoast_head":"\nAging is a Military Coup - Josh Mitteldorf<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/scienceblog.com\/joshmitteldorf\/2016\/04\/17\/aging-is-a-military-coup\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Aging is a Military Coup\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"The military forces of the United States are not to be deployed within the country.\u00a0 Many people think it\u2019s a clause in the Constitution, but actually it was an afterthought, enacted into law in 1807, strengthened and clarified by the Posse Comitatus Act of 1878. 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The surprising fact that our bodies are genetically programmed to age and to die offers an enormous opportunity for medical intervention. It may be that therapies to slow the progress of aging need not repair or regenerate anything, but only need to interfere with an existing program of self-destruction. Mitteldorf has taught a weekly yoga class for thirty years. He is an advocate for vigorous self care, including exercise, meditation and caloric restriction. After earning a PhD in astrophysicist, Mitteldorf moved to evolutionary biology as a primary field in 1996. He has taught at Harvard, Berkeley, Bryn Mawr, LaSalle and Temple University. He is presently affiliated with MIT as a visiting scholar. In private life, Mitteldorf is an advocate for election integrity as well as public health. He is an avid amateur musician, playing piano in chamber groups, French horn in community orchestras. His two daughters are among the first children adopted from China in the mid-1980s. Much to the surprise of evolutionary biologists, genetic experiments indicate that aging has been selected as an adaptation for its own sake. This poses a conundrum: the impact of aging on individual fitness is wholly negative, so aging must be regarded as a kind of evolutionary altruism. Unlike other forms of evolutionary altruism, aging offers benefits to the community that are weak, and not well focussed on near kin of the altruist. 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The surprising fact that our bodies are genetically programmed to age and to die offers an enormous opportunity for medical intervention. It may be that therapies to slow the progress of aging need not repair or regenerate anything, but only need to interfere with an existing program of self-destruction. Mitteldorf has taught a weekly yoga class for thirty years. He is an advocate for vigorous self care, including exercise, meditation and caloric restriction. After earning a PhD in astrophysicist, Mitteldorf moved to evolutionary biology as a primary field in 1996. He has taught at Harvard, Berkeley, Bryn Mawr, LaSalle and Temple University. He is presently affiliated with MIT as a visiting scholar. In private life, Mitteldorf is an advocate for election integrity as well as public health. He is an avid amateur musician, playing piano in chamber groups, French horn in community orchestras. His two daughters are among the first children adopted from China in the mid-1980s. 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