{"id":963,"date":"2020-04-17T22:07:49","date_gmt":"2020-04-17T22:07:49","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/joshmitteldorf.peachpuff-wolverine-566518.hostingersite.com\/?p=963"},"modified":"2020-04-17T22:19:06","modified_gmt":"2020-04-17T22:19:06","slug":"where-did-covid-19-come-from","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/scienceblog.com\/joshmitteldorf\/2020\/04\/17\/where-did-covid-19-come-from\/","title":{"rendered":"Where did COVID-19 come from?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><em>There is genetic evidence suggestive of human tinkering in the genome, and there are news stories suggesting the virus might have been developed either at the Wuhan Institute of Virology or at the American virology lab at Fort Detrick. There are even some suggestions that the American and Chinese bioweapons labs may be working together, sharing samples and exchanging funding.<\/em><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><b>Part 1: The Genetic Evidence<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Preface<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">We rely on the scientific community as a context for almost every public policy decision. People who want to influence policy know this, and they don\u2019t just lobby Congress, they also buy scientists, scientific reporting, and placement in prominent journals. Most scientists are honest, but they have to survive in a world where funding is tighter than it should be. It\u2019s not surprising that some of them succumb and publish what powerful and corrupt institutions want them to.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The question of a laboratory origin for COVID is politically explosive, so we expect a heavy hand restraining the science establishment. Those of us seeking an honest answer, who have a little expertise, a little horse sense, and a lot of patience, are left to sift through information, misinformation, and disinformation in a politicized environment.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">My personal opinion is that I don\u2019t like having to wonder if global pandemics have been created, accidentally or otherwise, by my own government. Bioweapon research is extensive in several countries, but dominated by the US. The disclosed US budget is <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.scoop.co.nz\/stories\/HL2002\/S00184\/us-biowarfare-programs-have-13000-death-scientists-hard-at-work.htm\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">over $10 billion per year<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and who knows what the black budget is. There is no legitimate purpose for this \u201cresearch,\u201d and it is <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.congress.gov\/bill\/101st-congress\/senate-bill\/993\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">illegal<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. No bioweapon can ever attack \u201cenemies\u201d without unacceptable risk of infecting \u201cfriends\u201d. Over time, it is virtually certain that there will be leaks with horrific consequence. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/davidswanson.org\/where-lyme-disease-came-from-and-why-it-eludes-treatment\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Lyme disease<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> is a case in point.<\/span><\/p>\n<blockquote><p><b>Regardless of whether COVID19 came from a lab, we the people must demand disclosure of this secret \u201cresearch\u201d, and demand an end to the American bioweapons program in its entirety.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>I know of no coalition organized to this end. We\u2019ll have to start one.<\/b><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Three useful books to get into this subject: <\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Bitten-History-Disease-Biological-Weapons\/dp\/B07PHMMCTZ\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Bitten: The secret history of Lyme disease and biological weapons<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><br \/>\n<\/span><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Poisoner-Chief-Sidney-Gottlieb-Control\/dp\/B07XMDV72Z\/ref=sr_1_1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Poisoner in Chief: Sidney Gottlieb and the CIA Search for Mind Control<\/span><\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Lab-257-Disturbing-Governments-Laboratory-ebook\/dp\/B000YQHMFG\/\">Lab 257: The disturbing story of the government&#8217;s secret germ laboratory<\/a><\/p>\n<p><b>Expert opinion<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Here\u2019s an <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/open.spotify.com\/show\/6YXOoXzon0IRVofdODQ5iO\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">interview by Dr Francis Boyle<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> describing the big picture. Boyle is a professor of international law at University of Illinois with a history in both government and academia working on the limitation of biological weapons. In this interview he <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">alleges<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The US program in biological weapons was jump started after WWII by giving a new home to Japanese and German scientists who had been doing horrific human experimentation.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">These programs continue to this day, at Merck, U of NC, U of Texas, Harvard, NIH and elsewhere.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Anthony Fauci and NIAID have also been <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">tied to<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400\">sponsors of <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">bioweapons research, specifically relating to making coronaviruses more lethal. Boyle sites <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2005\/03\/01\/politics\/us-germresearch-policy-is-protested-by-758-scientists.html\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">this NYTimes article<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> about the shift of NIAID money in 2001 to bioweapons applications.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Wikipedia states: \u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Since the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2001_anthrax_attacks\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">2001 anthrax attacks<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and the consequent expansion of federal <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bio-defense\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">bio-defense<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> expenditures, USAMRIID has been joined at Fort Detrick by sister bio-defense agencies of the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/U.S._Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">U.S. Department of Health and Human Services<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> (<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/NIAID\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">NIAID<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">&#8216;s <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Integrated_Research_Facility&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Integrated Research Facility<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">) and the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/U.S._Department_of_Homeland_Security\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">U.S. Department of Homeland Security<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u2026\u201d<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">American bioweapons labs are sharing knowledge and specimens with foreign labs, including the high-security (BSL-4) Chinese installation at Wuhan.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Boyle believes that the origin of COVID was a Chinese-American research project, and that the proximate cause was an accidental release from the Wuhan facility.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<blockquote><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Whoever knowingly develops, produces, stockpiles, transfers, acquires, retains, or possesses any biological agent, toxin, or delivery system for use as a weapon, or knowingly assists a foreign state or any organization to do so, shall be fined under this title or imprisoned for life or any term of years, or both.\u00a0 <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u2014 <strong>The Bioweapons Anti-Terrorism Act of 1989, authored and promoted by Prof Francis Boyle\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Since passage of this Act in 1989, offensive bioweapons research has been illegal in America. But Boyle claims that the research has continued under the guise of bioweapons defense or pandemic control. It is explicitly forbidden to genetically engineer pathogens for gain-of-function. That would mean deliberately making them more lethal or more contagious, or modifying an animal pathogen so that it is able to infect humans. Boyle charges that the most explicit violations have been outsourced to avoid technical violation of the Act, and some contracts have been with China.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.dailymail.co.uk\/news\/article-8211257\/Wuhan-lab-performing-experiments-bats-coronavirus-caves.html\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">This british news article<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> claims NIAID gave a $3.7 million grant to the Wuhan Institute of Virology. The Virology Institute is in the same city where COVID-19 was first reported and is reputed to be the largest center for bioweapons research in China.\u00a0 Here is a <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/journals.plos.org\/plospathogens\/article?id=10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006698\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">2017 article from PLOS<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> that comes from the Wuhan Institute, describing genetic experiments with SARS virus extracted from bats. In acknowledgments of support, the authors list NIAID as a funder.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>And here is an\u00a0 article that appeared on the Web yesterday, titled\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/project-evidence.github.io\/\">Evidence SARS-CoV-2 Emerged From a Biological Laboratory in Wuhan, China<\/a>. The article is unsigned, but contains only verifiable information in the public domain. It cites <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC2258702\/#__ffn_sectitle\">this article from 2007<\/a>, in which Chinese researchers in collaboration with Australian researchers modify a bat coronavirus to enable it to infect humans. &#8220;A <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/26552008\">second paper, from 2015<\/a>, not only reiterates the first paper\u2019s findings, but outright claims they &#8216;synthetically re-derived an infectious full-length SHC014 recombinant virus and demonstrate robust viral replication both in vitro [human cell cultures] and in vivo [mouse models].&#8221;&#8221; Also in the anonymous article are recent job postings from the Wuhan lab, seeking researchers expert in bat virus and cross-species transmissions.<\/p>\n<p>Not in this article, but also of interest, were a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scientificamerican.com\/article\/fema-report-warned-of-pandemic-vulnerability-months-before-covid-19\/\">FEMA report from last summer<\/a> that was eerily prescient. A <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.ph\/ZwZA3\">job listing at CDC last November<\/a> seemed to anticipate a coming need for emergency management. And a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.centerforhealthsecurity.org\/event201\/\">conference<\/a> sponsored by Johns Hopkins University and the Gates foundation last October simulated a coronavirus outbreak that started in China and spread worldwide.<\/p>\n<p><b>Where did COVID come from?<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">I don\u2019t pretend to know the answer, and based on publicly-available information, I don\u2019t think it is knowable. But there is genetic evidence suggestive of human tinkering in the genome, and there are news stories suggesting the virus might have been developed either at the Wuhan Institute of Virology or at the American virology lab at Fort Detrick. There are even some suggestions that the American and Chinese bioweapons labs may be working together, sharing samples and exchanging funding. I will defer these stories for Part 2 of this report.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The official story is that the origin of the epidemic was the \u201cwet market\u201d where meat and some wild livestock is sold to consumers in Wuhan. This hypothesis was challenged by an article in<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thelancet.com\/journals\/lancet\/article\/PIIS0140-6736(20)30183-5\/fulltext\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Lancet<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, summarized here in <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencemag.org\/news\/2020\/01\/wuhan-seafood-market-may-not-be-source-novel-virus-spreading-globally\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Science Magazine<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. The authors interviewed the first 41 known patients in Wuhan, who were assumed to have contracted COVID concurrently from \u201cpatient zero\u201d. For 28 of them, there were links to the Market, either personal or through a family member, but for 13 of them, no links to the Market could be identified. In this neighborhood of Wuhan, most people <\/span><b><i>did<\/i><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> shop at the Market, so the authors were more impressed with the 13 who had no link, and suggested that 28 out of 41 could have been consistent with a random sample of people from that neighborhood.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=dfP2eaK55Os\">Other sources<\/a> claim that all 41 had links to the nearby Oriental Hotel, a short walk from the Market, and that Patient Zero was an American soldier\/cyclist. I will have more to say in Part 2.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Is it plausible that the SARS-CoV2 mutated directly from a virus that infected local bats? For this question, I am dependent on evolutionary geneticists for an opinion, and there is a divergence of opinion on the scientific literature. Geneticists who say evidence points to a laboratory origin are typically cautious, but they make these points:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Wuhan is in central-eastern China. The bats that carry SARS come from Yunnan province in the southwest, about 1,000 miles away. It is known that the bats were <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/journals.plos.org\/plospathogens\/article?id=10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006698\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">collected for research on the SARS virus conducted at the Wuhan laboratory<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The genome has at least 4 gain-of-function mutations (if they are mutations) compared to the ancestor bat virus. Gain-of-function mutations are rare compared to loss-of-function, and usually the virus makes its leap when there is one gain-of-function.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">About a fourth of the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencemag.org\/news\/2020\/01\/chinese-researchers-reveal-draft-genome-virus-implicated-wuhan-pneumonia-outbreak\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">genome<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> looks nothing like a coronavirus, and must have arrived via genetic recombination. The recombined part bears a <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.biorxiv.org\/content\/10.1101\/2020.01.30.927871v1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">resemblance to HIV<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. Viral genome recombinations do occur in nature, but this one is particularly hard to explain, since HIV is a fragile virus that can\u2019t survive outside human blood. How would it get into a bat virus?\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-964\" src=\"https:\/\/scienceblog.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/04\/one-fourth-hiv.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"646\" height=\"626\" srcset=\"https:\/\/scienceblog.com\/joshmitteldorf\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/04\/one-fourth-hiv.png 646w, https:\/\/scienceblog.com\/joshmitteldorf\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/04\/one-fourth-hiv-300x291.png 300w, https:\/\/scienceblog.com\/joshmitteldorf\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/04\/one-fourth-hiv-310x300.png 310w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 646px) 100vw, 646px\" \/><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">COVID has some pathological effects never before seen in a coronavirus, including attack on the GI tract and on artery walls. There are <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/thinkingcriticalcare.com\/2020\/03\/28\/covid-clinical-discussion-w-cameron-kyle-sidell-nyc-ed-icu-doc-in-the-trenches-foamed\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">some reports<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> that the virus\u2019s lethality comes from its attack on hemoglobin, the red blood molecule that carries oxygen around the body.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The claim that the four insertions look suspiciously like HIV was considered <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/twitter.com\/trvrb\/status\/1223337991168380928?s=21\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">shaky<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, but it is supported just today by a testimonial from a French Nobel laureate. In 2008, Dr <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Luc Montagnier was awarded the Nobel Prize in medicine for having discovered (much earlier) the HIV virus that causes AIDS. In <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/player.acast.com\/frequence-medicale-et-pourquoi-docteur\/episodes\/journal-du-170420\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">this radio interview<\/span><\/a> <span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(in French) with Dr Jean-Fran\u00e7ois Lemoine,<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Montagnier <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">expresses his conviction that the SARS-CoV2 genome points to a laboratory origin.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><i>\u201cIndian researchers have already tried to publish the results of the analyses that showed that this coronavirus genome contained sequences of another virus, \u2026 the HIV virus, but they were forced to withdraw their findings as the pressure from the mainstream was too great.\u201d<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Against these analyses, there is one prominent <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41591-020-0820-9\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">article in Nature Medicine<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> that claims to \u201cirrefutably\u201d rule out a laboratory origin. Their basis for saying this is<\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">That computations suggest that the virus\u2019s surface proteins are not ideal for binding to a human enzyme called ACE2, and that if the virus were designed in a lab, the designers would certainly have found the ideal solution, and used that instead.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">That the backbone of the virus contains a piece that looks like a pangolin virus, and the pangolin virus genome wasn\u2019t published until very recently, so lab scientists could not have used it.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(The pangolin is a rare, endangered species of armored anteater. It looks a bit like an armadillo.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sciencenews.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/031920_ts_covid-conspiracies_inline_680.jpg\" width=\"680\" height=\"406\" \/><\/p>\n<p>I\u2019m always suspicious when scientists use words like \u201cirrefutably\u201d and \u201cdefinitive\u201d. But, more objectively, I would point out that none of the four bullet points above were refuted or even considered in the Nature Medicine paper.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">There is also a <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thelancet.com\/journals\/lancet\/article\/PIIS0140-6736(20)30418-9\/fulltext\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">statement in Lancet<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> signed by 27 researchers which was prominently <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencemag.org\/news\/2020\/02\/scientists-strongly-condemn-rumors-and-conspiracy-theories-about-origin-coronavirus\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">echoed in Science Magazine<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> that \u201cstrongly condemns rumors and conspiracy theories\u201d, without refuting any of the geneticists\u2019 claims. They cite dozens of papers that they say support a natural origin, but, reviewing these papers, I find that they rather <\/span><b><i>assume<\/i><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> a natural origin. In fact several of the papers note difficulties with this hypothesis. One of the papers concludes on the basis of evolutionary models that, if SARS-CoV2 evolved naturally from a bat ancestor, it must have diverged at least 40 years ago. This is difficult to reconcile with the story that SARS-CoV2 jumped from bats to humans just last year.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">My personal perspective inclines me to think the Lancet statement is politically motivated. I find it suspicious that prominent scientific publications have seen fit to deny claims that COVID had a laboratory origin, but none have refuted the considered details of those claims.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>The US Military has been studying Coronaviruses as bioweapons\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It is undisputed that the US has an extensive bioweapons \u201cresearch\u201d program, and that modifying Coronaviruses to make them more dangerous is <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/news\/engineered-bat-virus-stirs-debate-over-risky-research-1.18787\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">part of their program of work<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Here is the first person <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=zmErnWTYU0E\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">account<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> of Judy Mikovits<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, who claims she worked in the 1990s at Fort Detrick, an Army biology lab in Maryland. Part of her job was to weaponize coronaviruses. This work was ongoing and controversial <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.the-scientist.com\/news-opinion\/lab-made-coronavirus-triggers-debate-34502\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">as late as 2015<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. President Obama approved and extended the programs. Three years ago, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/news\/inside-the-chinese-lab-poised-to-study-world-s-most-dangerous-pathogens-1.21487\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Nature reported<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> that \u201cthe SARS virus has escaped from high level containment facilities in Beijing multiple times\u201d. Only in China? Also in 2017, the House Committee on Energy and Commerce requested from CDC information about leaks from similar research facilities in the US, and they got back a <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=hPdGfibyOZ0\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">503-page document with all specifics redacted<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Conclusions<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">I find it suspicious that the debate over whether COVID came from a laboratory is being avoided with <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">ad hominem<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> attacks, blanket denials, and straw man arguments. I\u2019m impressed that the people who are supporting a laboratory origin have promptly corrected their misstatements, while I see no such willingness on the other side.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The totality of evidence for the hypothesis is not conclusive. The most compelling evidence I see is\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Bats that are reputed to be source of the virus are found naturally more than 1,000 miles from Wuhan, but we know that the Wuhan Laboratory was studying just these bats and just this virus, and further that they were experimenting with modifying the spike protein that the virus uses for entry, to make it compatible with human ACE2.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The virus gained several new abilities on emerging from bats. Usually, we would expect just one.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Closely related to this, the genome shows four RNA segments that differ substantially from the bat ancestor where, again, we would expect just one.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Genetic analysis indicates that the divergence from bats happened decades ago, and yet the disease only appeared in humans recently.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">I take Francis Boyle\u2019s testimony quite seriously. He\u2019s a career expert in biological warfare.\u00a0<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Luc Montagnier is as credible a source as they come, but I don&#8217;t know what to make of how certain he seems about genetic evidence that others have said is inconclusive.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">In Part 2, I hope to tie in American bioweapons research. Linking the American and Chinese bioweapons programs seems stranger than science. Teaser: Evidence suggests that SARS-CoV2 has been in America longer than it has been in China.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>There is genetic evidence suggestive of human tinkering in the genome, and there are news stories suggesting the virus might have been developed either at the Wuhan Institute of Virology or at the American virology lab at Fort Detrick. There are even some suggestions that the American and Chinese bioweapons labs may be working together, &#8230; <a title=\"Where did COVID-19 come from?\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/scienceblog.com\/joshmitteldorf\/2020\/04\/17\/where-did-covid-19-come-from\/\" aria-label=\"Read more about Where did COVID-19 come from?\">Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":65,"featured_media":964,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-963","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.4 (Yoast SEO v27.4) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Where did COVID-19 come from? - Josh Mitteldorf<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/scienceblog.com\/joshmitteldorf\/2020\/04\/17\/where-did-covid-19-come-from\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Where did COVID-19 come from?\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"There is genetic evidence suggestive of human tinkering in the genome, and there are news stories suggesting the virus might have been developed either at the Wuhan Institute of Virology or at the American virology lab at Fort Detrick. There are even some suggestions that the American and Chinese bioweapons labs may be working together, ... 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The surprising fact that our bodies are genetically programmed to age and to die offers an enormous opportunity for medical intervention. It may be that therapies to slow the progress of aging need not repair or regenerate anything, but only need to interfere with an existing program of self-destruction. Mitteldorf has taught a weekly yoga class for thirty years. He is an advocate for vigorous self care, including exercise, meditation and caloric restriction. After earning a PhD in astrophysicist, Mitteldorf moved to evolutionary biology as a primary field in 1996. He has taught at Harvard, Berkeley, Bryn Mawr, LaSalle and Temple University. He is presently affiliated with MIT as a visiting scholar. In private life, Mitteldorf is an advocate for election integrity as well as public health. He is an avid amateur musician, playing piano in chamber groups, French horn in community orchestras. His two daughters are among the first children adopted from China in the mid-1980s. Much to the surprise of evolutionary biologists, genetic experiments indicate that aging has been selected as an adaptation for its own sake. This poses a conundrum: the impact of aging on individual fitness is wholly negative, so aging must be regarded as a kind of evolutionary altruism. Unlike other forms of evolutionary altruism, aging offers benefits to the community that are weak, and not well focussed on near kin of the altruist. 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