{"id":104,"date":"2010-06-19T01:50:10","date_gmt":"2010-06-19T05:50:10","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/poseidonsciences.peachpuff-wolverine-566518.hostingersite.com\/?p=3"},"modified":"2011-07-15T17:47:22","modified_gmt":"2011-07-15T17:47:22","slug":"rip-van-winkle-hibernating-fish-and-malaria-control","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/scienceblog.com\/poseidonsciences\/104\/rip-van-winkle-hibernating-fish-and-malaria-control\/","title":{"rendered":"Rip Van Winkle, Hibernating Fish and Malaria Control"},"content":{"rendered":"
\"\"<\/a>
Annual killifish male and embryos in peat<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

When I think of hibernation, my first thought is my high school English literature class on Washington Irving\u2019s tale of a Dutch settler named Rip Van Winkle<\/em>.\u00a0 The story\u2019s setting is New York\u2019s Catskills Mountains during the American Revolutionary period.\u00a0 In this tale, Rip Van Winkle was a fun-loving, lazy, henpecked husband who escaped his nagging wife by running to the mountains where he encountered strange men playing nine pins.\u00a0 After drinking their liquor, he fell asleep under a shady tree.\u00a0 Rip returned to his village after waking up only to find out that 20 years had passed and America was a already a new republic.\u00a0 Many of us would wish we can do just that when times are rough and wake up later when times are better.<\/p>\n

Irving\u2019s story of Rip Van Winkle<\/em> was likely influenced by ancient folklores in Orkney (Scotland) where a drunken fiddler find trolls having a party, plays music with them for two hours and goes home\u00a0 to find that 50 years had passed.\u00a0 But there are even more older tales of a similar nature around the world, such as the German folktale of Peter Klaus<\/em>, of Niamh and Oisin<\/em> in Ireland, the ancient Jewish tale of Honi M\u2019agel<\/em>, the Chinese story of Ranka<\/em> in 3rd<\/sup> century AD, the 8th<\/sup> century Japanese tale of Urashima Taro<\/em> and the story of the Seven Sages<\/em> by Diogenes Laertius of the 3rd<\/sup> century.\u00a0 The Seven Sleepers of Ephesus<\/em> tells of Christians escaping Roman persecution by sleeping in a cave to awaken after a century to a new world wherein Christianity became the new religion of the Roman Empire.\u00a0<\/p>\n

As there are numerous variations of the hibernation theme in the literature, there are even more variations of hibernation in the natural world.\u00a0 Insects do it all the time; as do seeds of plants.\u00a0 Tiny invertebrates, like the tardigrade, remain in hibernation for over a hundred years in a dry state and \u2018reawaken\u2019 when exposed to water.\u00a0 As long as it is hibernating, the tardigrade can withstand extremes of pressure, temperature, desiccation and low oxygen.\u00a0 Artemia cysts, commonly known as brine shrimp eggs that hobbyists hatch to feed fish fry, behave like that too.\u00a0 They remain hibernating in a dry state and re-animate when placed in salt water, becoming the \u201csea monkeys\u201d that most of us remember as a child.\u00a0 \u00a0Other mammals do it too.\u00a0 Female kangaroos, bears and badgers can delay the implantation of the embryo by inducing reversible developmental arrest to postpone the period of birthing until months later when food is plentiful. \u00a0Just like Rip Van Winkle, these animals escape inhospitable conditions by escaping in time.<\/p>\n

Diapause (from the Greek dia<\/em> meaning between and pauein<\/em> meaning to stop), suspended animation, aestivation, hibernation and crytobiosis (hidden life<\/em>) are terms that evoke images of a long, but temporary sleep.\u00a0 For most organisms that are unable to physically move away, it is their only means of surviving harsh environmental conditions until the next more favorable season.\u00a0 Even now, the science of suspended animation is advancing far beyond insects and arthropods.\u00a0 Non-injurious suspended animation can be induced in mice for a short time by replacing the oxygen in the air it breathes with hydrogen sulfide.\u00a0 The long term medical potential in human terms is delaying trauma from injury until more favorable medical interventions can be applied.<\/p>\n

Where does fish come into this?\u00a0 <\/em><\/strong>First, let me tell you a story of my own fascination with one unusual class of tropical fish that do exactly the same.\u00a0 They are called annual killifish (from the Dutch word kill<\/em> meaning small stream). They thrive only in seasonal pools that evaporate totally during the dry season.\u00a0 When the rains come the following year, or even five years later, the fish population returns again to re-populate the pond.\u00a0 They are not the lungfish that most of us might be familiar with.\u00a0 Lungfish \u2018aestivate\u2019 in mud chambers they create before the pond dries up.\u00a0 They continue breathing air through a hole on top of the moist chamber while at the same time reducing their metabolism.\u00a0 Annual fish are unique because they can completely stop at three specific diapause stages of their normal embryonic development.\u00a0 They escape in time by near zero metabolism and complete cessation of embryonic development.\u00a0 Though not as extremophile<\/em> as the tardigrade, the diapause stages of the annual killifish are more resistant than non-diapause stages to extreme conditions in their environment<\/p>\n

My first introduction to this fish was during the 1970\u2019s in the laboratory of Jules Markofsky, who at the time was studying the annual killifish, Nothobranchius guentheri<\/em>, for aging research at the Orentreich Foundation.\u00a0 Annual killifish live for about one year.\u00a0 Some species even have life spans as short as 4 months.\u00a0 Compare that to the guppy that can live as long as five years and the mouse or rat for about 4 years.\u00a0 Back then, so little is known about the biology of the killifish that we were unable to get enough embryos to hatch synchronously to do aging research. In fact, we sought help from the Long Island Killifish Association, an esoteric and dedicated group of hobbyists that maintain such rare fish in captivity. \u00a0It was such a fascinating group that I, too, joined the Club.<\/p>\n

Fish hobbyists know more about these unique and colorful killifish.\u00a0 And, there are dozens of such specialized clubs in US and Europe.\u00a0 In fact, one does not need to go to the jungle to find most of these species.\u00a0 Just meet with any one of the killifish hobbyists who can share some diapause eggs.\u00a0 Hobbyists continue to brave malarial mosquitoes and wild animals, even animals of the two-legged kind, to bring back live specimens from Africa and South America that are then bred in aquarium tanks.\u00a0 While environmental degradation and man-made land alterations likely have doomed scores of native populations, much of the species known today exist in the aquarium hobby.<\/p>\n

After 25 years studying diapause in N. guentheri<\/em>, combined with the work of other scientists\/ hobbyists, I began to have a better idea of the environmental cues that trigger the onset and termination of diapause.\u00a0 The day-night cycle, temperature, humidity and maternal cues that influence the development of diapausing states in silkworm, for example, are the same in killifish\u2014an unique example of convergent evolution.\u00a0<\/p>\n

How about malaria?\u00a0 <\/em><\/strong>Curiously, the geographic range of malarial mosquitoes and annual killifish in Africa and South America overlap.\u00a0 George Myers, a noted ichthyologist of his time, in the 1950\u2019s first observed reduced incidence of mosquito bites in areas populated by killifish.\u00a0 Since then Richard Haas, Rudd Wildekamp, Jules Markofsky and I have proposed at various times in the last 30 years to use this fish for mosquito control.\u00a0 Since most countries have a few native species of annual killifish, we can even keep the environmentalists happy since we don\u2019t need to introduce any exotic fish to do this.\u00a0 The local ones will do just as well.\u00a0 All we need is to grow and distribute a lot of them around.\u00a0<\/p>\n

The tribesmen in the sub-Sahara Africa already use annual killifish in freshwater storage containers and wells.\u00a0 Hobbyists already know that ‘killies’<\/em> are larvivorous.\u00a0 Yet, common anecdotal knowledge is not enough to push regulators and funding agencies to use this fish for mosquito control.\u00a0 Recently, the publication in the online journal Parasites & Vectors<\/em> finally verified the anecdotal evidence by methodically demonstrating the feasibility of using killifish as mosquito control agents.\u00a0 In this paper, the embryos in the pre-hatching hibernating state were transported in moist peat moss and dropped in temporary ponds where they hatched, consuming all the mosquito larvae.<\/p>\n

Although conventional larvivorous fishes have been used to rid mosquitoes in ponds as far back as the building of the Panama Canal, their use had been limited to more permanent waters.\u00a0 Fish predators, like Gambusia<\/em>, work great on abandoned swimming pools after hurricanes, for example.\u00a0 But this fish has wrought havoc in many ecosystems because of their prolific and voracious nature.\u00a0 Transporting even native conventional live fish to remote areas is a big hassle.\u00a0 With only dirt roads and footpaths available to reach rain pools, mining pits and similar transient pools, transport by water trucks is just not practical.\u00a0<\/p>\n

Now we have a transportable fish in a bag.\u00a0 Instead of a water truck, a backpack is enough to carry a million diapausing killifish eggs!\u00a0<\/strong> Sort of like Johnny Appleseed, another American legend, bringing bags of eggs instead of bags of apple seeds.\u00a0<\/p>\n

The idea of the \u2018instant fish\u2019 is nothing new.\u00a0 It\u2019s been tried unsuccessfully a few times as a business.\u00a0 What\u2019s new is taking this technology to a more useful purpose.<\/p>\n

How can we transform this idea of \u201cinstant fish in a backpack<\/strong>\u201d into something practical for malaria control in the future?\u00a0 Stay tuned to my next blog when I get re-animated again.<\/p>\n

— Jonathan R. Matias<\/p>\n

Suggested reading:<\/p>\n

Annual fish biology<\/em><\/p>\n

http:\/\/www.poseidonsciences.com\/annualfish.html<\/a><\/p>\n

http:\/\/www.aka.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n

mosquito control<\/em><\/p>\n

http:\/\/www.parasitesandvectors.com\/content\/3\/1\/46<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

When I think of hibernation, my first thought is my high school English literature class on Washington Irving\u2019s tale of a Dutch settler named Rip Van Winkle.\u00a0 The story\u2019s setting is New York\u2019s Catskills Mountains during the American Revolutionary period.\u00a0 In this tale, Rip Van Winkle was a fun-loving, lazy, henpecked husband who escaped his … Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":12,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":false,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[3],"tags":[17,46,71,74,109,126,127,135,152],"class_list":["post-104","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-biomedical-sciences","tag-africa","tag-biological-control","tag-cryptobiosis","tag-diapause","tag-hibernation","tag-jonathan-r-matias","tag-killifish","tag-malaria","tag-mosquitoes"],"yoast_head":"\nRip Van Winkle, Hibernating Fish and Malaria Control - Poseidon Sciences<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/scienceblog.com\/poseidonsciences\/104\/rip-van-winkle-hibernating-fish-and-malaria-control\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Rip Van Winkle, Hibernating Fish and Malaria Control\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"When I think of hibernation, my first thought is my high school English literature class on Washington Irving\u2019s tale of a Dutch settler named Rip Van Winkle.\u00a0 The story\u2019s setting is New York\u2019s Catskills Mountains during the American Revolutionary period.\u00a0 In this tale, Rip Van Winkle was a fun-loving, lazy, henpecked husband who escaped his ... 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