![\"\"](\"https:\/\/scienceblog.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/11\/2011\/08\/a1_scienceblog_Gantry_1_resized.jpg\")
<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Often, I sit on the bench at Gantry Plaza State Park waiting for sunset, mostly alone or at rare times with my kids or friends.\u00a0 Just recently I began thinking about my years through graduate school, work, science and the economy.\u00a0 These thoughts came about after a friend sent me a link to an MSNBC interview with Michael Greenstone, an MIT economist heading the Hamilton Project, on the subject of the Innovation Gap.\u00a0 It is definitely worth taking time to see the video before reading the rest of my blog.\u00a0 Here it is http:\/\/www.msnbc.msn.com\/id\/21134540\/vp\/44041044#44038620<\/a><\/p>\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 My career spanned the period from the height of American innovation of the 70\u2019s and 80\u2019s to its post-millennium decline.\u00a0 Why the decline?\u00a0 There are already many reasons that pundits, strategists, economists, professors and politicians came up with and you can read them elsewhere.\u00a0 But, it\u2019s not just because of the rise of China and India as economic powerhouses.\u00a0 It is not just the decline in American knowhow or enthusiasm for the sciences.\u00a0 And it is not just outsourcing.\u00a0 It\u2019s all of these.\u00a0 Most of all it is about the human element–the scientists.<\/p>\n
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Sitting in Gantry Park at sunset is like a metaphor of the waning American supremacy in science and technology.\u00a0 American innovation is spectacular in its achievements, like the burst of light of the waning sun behind the majestic skyscrapers of Manhattan, slowly fading away to darkness.<\/p>\n
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Just to digress for a minute, what\u2019s so special about Gantry Park anyway, you may ask?\u00a0 I think of it as one of the most beautiful small parks in New York City, with the breathtaking view of Manhattan, especially at dusk.\u00a0 It is at the\u00a0waterfront in Hunter\u2019s Point on what used to be an industrial\/ warehouse district no one wanted to be \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Now, it is gentrified, with bustling new businesses and pricey condominium buildings mushrooming around the park.\u00a0 It is one of the those truly wonderful little known places in New York, just a subway stop in Queens Borough on the #7 subway train from Manhattan\u2019s Grand Central Station-42nd<\/sup> Street.\u00a0 I go there because it is a quiet place to contemplate, work and just simply do nothing or go fishing (I have yet to try that).\u00a0 As I sit by the fishing pier, I can see where I had been.\u00a0 From my beginnings as a research intern at Goldwater Memorial Hospital on Roosevelt Island on the right of the East River, through my days in graduate school at New York University, my work at Orentreich Foundation on 72nd<\/sup> Street, my old labs leased by the Foundation at NYU Medical Center Public Health building on 29th<\/sup> Street and the Metro North trains I took from Grand Central Station– all laid out for me just across the East River.\u00a0<\/p>\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 In a way, standing there on that pier gives me a quick view of where I had been.\u00a0 Here I share an anecdote about the multibillionaire, Harry Helmsley, among the great real estate magnates of his time; back in the 1970\u2019s when he used to stand on a waterfront building in New Jersey facing Manhattan.\u00a0 When asked why he often have luncheons on top of this building.\u00a0 He replied (from memory), \u201cI am old now. I cannot understand the spreadsheets of real estate properties my accountants carry around.\u00a0 Standing here, I can see all of Manhattan and I do my own accounting.\u00a0 I own those buildings there, there and there.\u00a0 And I can see the buildings I would like to buy over there and there.\u00a0 Here I take stock of \u00a0where I had been, what I have and where I am going.\u201d\u00a0 In a way, standing on the pier at Gantry Park also shows me where I had been, though not necessarily where my life is heading at the moment.<\/p>\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Having digressed enough, I would like to tell you what I think about how the decline of American innovation came about.<\/strong><\/p>\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 In the 70\u2019s and 80\u2019s and certainly even decades before, American innovation in computers, engineering, chemistry and practically all scientific pursuits were in a frenzy.\u00a0 American technology\u00a0dominated the world, from soft drinks to blue jeans.\u00a0 That was also a time when\u00a0young men and women from foreign lands\u00a0flocked to American universities to continue graduate school.\u00a0 That was a time when foremost in the mind among foreign students, who tend to work harder than most, was the dread of having to go back where they came from, where political instabilities, economic issues and lack of opportunities persisted.\u00a0 Coming back to their home countries was not on their priority list, reaching the American dream was.\u00a0 That means\u00a0being sponsored by a company and making big bucks.\u00a0 I know that for a fact as I had sponsored many during that period.\u00a0 That also was a time when American businesses need more scientists and the steady flow of foreign student filled that gap. And, talented scientists flocked into America through working visas.\u00a0<\/p>\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 In the 1980\u2019s China was just experimenting on private enterprise.\u00a0 Having visited China in those days, I have seen the change; from the early days with people wearing Chairman Mao style jackets and avoiding contact with Americans to a time when local Chinese students would go out of their way to meet with me just to practice their English. (That was also a time when I was courageous in haggling with a street merchant for a pair of shoes that I know was worth $75 in NY, then coming back to the hotel proudly telling the concierge that I got it for $4 and only deflated when he told me I was cheated\u2014it was only $2 for the locals. I knew then something was very wrong).<\/p>\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 It was the 1990\u2019s when things began to change.\u00a0 China opened its doors to manufacturing for overseas markets and India slowly made strategic changes in its business laws.\u00a0 Exports brought wealth and China opened a hybrid enterprise system allowing private ownership.\u00a0 American and European companies saw the opportunity for cheaper good to be manufactured, increasing their profitability and dooming their own domestic manufacturing industries.\u00a0 More important, foreign students and foreign workers began to have a change of attitude about coming home.\u00a0 It is not simply being homesick that drove them back.\u00a0 Certainly they have the economic capacity to come home for frequent visits.\u00a0 It was the lure of starting a business in their home countries where economic opportunities began to be rosier than struggling in America.\u00a0 For these young men and women, it was riskier but the potential opportunities outstrip what they can get here.\u00a0<\/p>\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 I know this because I was once one of them.\u00a0 In 1995, I came back to the old country, started some businesses, did research at a cost of 1\/10th<\/sup> it would had I stayed in America.\u00a0 Though political issues had made me return to New York in 2000, the experience was profound, memorable and productive.\u00a0 I was able to accomplish much more in that 5 years than I could have possibly done in NYC in 20 years.\u00a0 The 1990\u2019s also saw countries adjusting to the new-found wealth.\u00a0 By the turn of the century, opportunities abounded in Asia.\u00a0 It was no longer a risky experiment for foreign scientists from America to come home.\u00a0 The infrastructure, though imperfect, was there, waiting for the young scientists\/entrepreneur from America.\u00a0 American knowhow, learned from years of study and hard work are being snapped up by companies in foreign soil.\u00a0 Is there anything wrong with that?\u00a0 Absolutely not, as long as they are not bringing patented ideas.\u00a0 And even so, most of those countries are not places American inventors filed their patents anyway and therefore free for the taking and\/or improvements.\u00a0<\/p>\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 America is hemorrhaging its talents not just from reverse migration.\u00a0 American talents from those born here are also being lured by foreign companies and governments with higher wages, better scientific support and a better life style than they could ever imagine at home.\u00a0 Just simply take the case of Singapore, whose expat communities are bursting at the seams.\u00a0 American innovations are being sucked out of the country year after year.\u00a0 You will see great innovations coming out of Asia in the next decade, innovations that would have originated from America had we been able to keep our scientists happier at home.<\/p>\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 These thoughts are from my own personal experiences.\u00a0 Can I support this point of view?\u00a0 Absolutely!\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The backbone of a modern economy is innovation.\u00a0 In the days of the Spanish, the British and the Portuguese empires, economic wealth came from conquest of new lands and people.\u00a0 Modern economies, such as the \u2018American Empire,\u2019 is built solely in innovation; not the military innovations whose proprietary ownership is often fleeting.\u00a0 Take the case of the US stealth fighter shot down in Serbia and ended up being reversed engineered by the Chinese who now have stealth technology of their own.\u00a0 Outsourcing in history is best exemplified by the Roman Empire, whose lack of foresight and need to save money on its military outsourced the defense of its borders to \u2018barbarians.’\u00a0 The Goths, Visigoths and others eventually turned on the Empire, emptying Rome of its 1 million inhabitants down to the size of Google\u2019s workforce of 30,000 by simply destroying its greatest innovation\u2014the Roman aqueducts that brought freshwater to the city.<\/p>\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The Hamilton Project demonstrated that the loss of America\u2019s innovative edge\u00a0translated to American workers losing 51% of the value of the dollar compared to the \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Considering that the Chinese and Indian nationalities in the US represent only 3% of the population, over 25% of all patents have ethnic Chinese and Indians listed as inventors.\u00a0<\/p>\n Vivek Wadha writes:<\/p>\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 In 2006, immigrants contributed to 72 percent of the total patent filings at Qualcomm, 65 percent at Merck, and 60 percent at Cisco Systems. And contrary to claims that immigrant patent-filers crowd out US-born researchers, emerging research is increasingly showing that immigrants actually tend to boost patent output by their US born colleagues. These immigrant patent-filers emerged from the US university system, where foreigners now dominate the advance degree seeking ranks in science, technology, engineering and mathematical disciplines. For example, during the 2004\u20132005 academic year, roughly 60 percent of engineering Ph.D. students and 40 percent of Master\u2019s students were foreign nationals. (We don’t know for certain that those who have been leaving are patent-filers but anecdotal evidence suggests this to be the case).<\/em><\/p>\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>Beyond intellectual contributions, Chinese and Indian immigrants have been key entrepreneurial drivers in the US. According to another survey we conducted, one-quarter of all technology companies in the US have at least one founder who is a Chinese or Indian immigrant. The concentration is even heavier in certain key industries such as semiconductors and enterprise software. Based on this data, we calculated that in 2005, immigrant-founded tech companies generated $52 billion in revenue nationwide and employed 450,000 workers. This revenue total bridges multiple multi-billion dollar sectors including semiconductors, Internet, software and networking.<\/em><\/p>\n ….<\/em> the Rising East will continue to pull in its fair share of future science and technology rock stars who may build the next Google or Microsoft in Gujarat or Mumbai.<\/em><\/p>\n That immigrant-founded tech companies employed 450,000 people with a $52 billion in revenue is awesome to contemplate.\u00a0 And if 50% of them returned home to their own countries, that\u2019s an economic loss that will never be recovered.<\/p>\n The barbarians are at our gates and they are tearing down our aqueducts. What to do?<\/strong><\/p>\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 All is not lost of course.\u00a0 There had been so many suggestion put forth by strategic thinkers.\u00a0 They range from improving educational opportunities, inviting more foreign techies on H1 visa, providing better business opportunities, relaxing the immigration hurdles for scientists.\u00a0 All these require a bouncing economy and political will, both simply lacking in our current domestic environment.\u00a0 Even if those were to be implemented now it is unlikely that the tide will reverse since other countries can offer much more.\u00a0 And Congress has to debate on that for a while if they ever get to it, unless of course they are distracted by something else like elections or the debt ceiling.<\/p>\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The answer is through private initiatives, backed by government immigration reforms specifically tailored for inventors.\u00a0 Here is what I thought of at Gantry Park (I certainly had a lot of free time then):<\/p>\n 1.\u00a0 Have a Gates Foundation type of initiative where a fund is created to entice potentially lucrative inventions from overseas.\u00a0 Bill Gates can easily do this with his own money besides creating challenge funds for the best ecofriendly toilet for the third world.\u00a0 (I think toilets are also important.\u00a0 But as one of the great American inventors, it\u2019s time for him to put in a little for his fledgling inventor colleagues of the new generation). \u00a0We have enough billionaires here in the US and each can donate a million or two to this fund if Gates is preoccupied with toilets.\u00a0 Hey, that\u2019s just your annual budget for fuel for your private jet.\u00a0 Time to kick in some for your country.\u00a0 I would like to call this The Great American Enterprise Fund<\/strong> (GAEF) and a billion $ should just about do it.<\/p>\n 2.\u00a0 Winning ideas from anywhere in the world get evaluated by the private sector; not some academics who likely have not made a dollar on his own.\u00a0 Many great inventions were made in the dining room table or the garage\u2014take the case of Sergey Brin and Larry Page of Google. \u00a0Fellow inventors and business people\u00a0can make the winning technologies much better than any government or academic-led initiative.<\/p>\n 3.\u00a0 Have the winning invention patented in the US and licensed to an American company.\u00a0 With few exceptions, inventors\u00a0typically make\u00a0lousy businessmen anyway (me included in that group).<\/p>\n 4.\u00a0 If the invention makes X amount of money or employs X number of Americans, give the guy or gal (have to be politically correct here) prize money above and beyond\u00a0the license for the technology.\u00a0 If he\/she is foreign born, give him\/her a fast track to citizenship and let him\/her invent\u00a0some more right here in America.\u00a0<\/p>\n 5.\u00a0 What does the donor get? Besides the usual tax write off, whoever invests in GAEF has first option to commercialize the new invention (provided the inventor agrees) before anyone else does and the unique opportunity to feel good about being an instrument in reversing this innovation gap.<\/p>\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 For now, that\u2019s all I thought about.\u00a0 Perhaps, someone already have this idea before and just did not know about it.\u00a0 Let me know.<\/p>\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Any better ideas or have something to add, just send me a note (use subject heading GAEF) on my email (jrmatias@poseidonsciences.com<\/a>) or send your comments here.\u00a0<\/p>\n Jonathan R. Matias, Chief Science Officer<\/em><\/p>\n Poseidon Sciences\u00a0 www.poseidonsciences.com<\/a><\/p>\n PS:<\/p>\n This blog is dedicated to my colleagues who loved inventing:\u00a0 Jason, Mike, Kosta, George, Naftali, Ernie, Saudha, Avelin, Aras, Tim, Coleen, just to name a few.<\/p>\n References:<\/strong><\/p>\n http:\/\/www.qchron.com\/news\/western\/article_5f2a6db9-2e05-5f0d-8c5c-34993b652151.html<\/a><\/p>\n http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gantry_crane<\/a><\/p>\n http:\/\/www.msnbc.msn.com\/id\/21134540\/vp\/44041044#44038620<\/a><\/p>\n http:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/opinions\/2011\/0805_jobs_greenstone_looney.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/scienceblog.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/11\/2011\/08\/a1_scienceblog_Gantry_2_resized-226x300.jpg\")
<\/a>caught walking at night years ago; a place to be avoided then, but not anymore.\u00a0 Once the site of the Pepsi bottling plant, whose sign still remains today as a relic of the past, this waterfront area in the 1920\u2019s serviced\u00a0 rail cars coming from Manhattan and New Jersey to supply the industrialized Long Island City in the NYC borough of Queens.\u00a0 Gantry refers to cranes that lift objects by hoists that move horizontally.\u00a0 Back in the heyday of American industrial might, rail cars were lifted off barges, moved on to rail tracks and hooked on to trains that crisscrossed Long Island.\u00a0 With the decline of American industries and the pre-eminence of trucking systems, the gantries ceased to serve its purpose and the machines became silent, another testimony to the doomed manufacturing industry.\u00a0 One can still see the original rail road tracks in between the manicured gardens.<\/p>\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/scienceblog.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/11\/2011\/08\/a1_scienceblog_Gantry_3_Hamilton_Project_final2-300x239.jpg\")
<\/a>1970\u2019s.\u00a0 This loss of purchasing power was made up by credit and eventually led up to our current economic crisis.\u00a0 There is no direct way to show how innovation\u2019s decline affects our economy.\u00a0 However, the 2009 article by Vivek Wadha in YaleGlobal served to highlight the impact of migrant workers, foreign students and immigrants on the American economy.\u00a0 A most telling part of the article described an adhoc question he posed on Indian techies at a conference on who wanted\u00a0to return home.\u00a0 Fifty percent raised their hand.\u00a0 Had I asked the same question in the 1980\u2019s, I would had been lucky to get one!\u00a0 It is really worth reading his article entitled \u201cIs the US brain drain on the horizon?\u00a0 Immigrants now see better prospects back home\u201d (see link below).<\/p>\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/scienceblog.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/11\/2011\/08\/a1_scienceblog_Gantry_3_resized.jpg\")
<\/a>I did not want to miss this sunset because the Gantry Park locals say such a view happens only once a year when the sun comes down at the right angle\u00a0on 42nd<\/sup> Street.\u00a0 My lucky day!<\/p>\n