{"id":30,"date":"2010-07-23T23:31:33","date_gmt":"2010-07-24T03:31:33","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/poseidonsciences.peachpuff-wolverine-566518.hostingersite.com\/?p=30"},"modified":"2011-07-15T17:47:21","modified_gmt":"2011-07-15T17:47:21","slug":"this-fracking-problem-chasing-the-solution-to-this-controversial-mining-issue","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/scienceblog.com\/poseidonsciences\/30\/this-fracking-problem-chasing-the-solution-to-this-controversial-mining-issue\/","title":{"rendered":"This Fracking problem: Chasing the solution to this controversial mining issue"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Fracking<\/em><\/strong> ! Sounds like a curse word, and for some people along the Marcellus Shale regions between New York and West Virginia, it already is.\u00a0 Or, it may sound something like an illegal activity folks engage in somewhere in a dark back alley.\u00a0 And, that also reminds me of the word \u201cfragging\u201d used by soldiers usually against their own senior officers, often involving a fragmentation grenade without the pin.\u00a0 English is such a flexible language!<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Yesterday, there was a well attended public hearing in Pennsylvania sponsored by the EPA on the use of fracking to release natural gas from shale deposits underneath the earth\u2019s surface.\u00a0 It was a heated \u201cdebate.\u201d\u00a0 One side arguing how dangerous it is to their local environment while the industry is saying that it has been proven safe for decades.\u00a0 July 22 was certainly a one \u2018fracking\u2019 day for everyone there.\u00a0 It is also uncanny that it was the same day we announced a new project to develop an alternative idea to reduce the environmental impact of fracking.\u00a0 Seriously, I did not even know about the public forum until I read it in Tom Zeller\u2019s blog entry in the NY Times.\u00a0 It was just serendipity.<\/div>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 For those who are not familiar with the\u00a0\u2018fracking\u201d business, let me give you a quick run down.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
Schematic representation of the hydraulic fracturing operation<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The Marcellus Shale Formation, a geologic feature located between New York State and West Virginia, holds an estimated 262 trillion cubic feet of extractable natural gas reserves.\u00a0 Although this resource has been known for a century, the Marcellus shale deposit became important in the last two decades because of the depletion of other easily accessible gas reserves, the increasing price of oil and the development of the hydraulic fracturing technology by Halliburton that made it feasible to extract natural gas.\u00a0 Hydraulic fracturing or fracking for short is a process wherein fluid containing sand is pushed at high pressure through a well bore deep into the shale formation to create man-made fractures.\u00a0 The hydraulic fracturing process involves injection of proppants, typically sand or ceramic beads that are lodged inside the shale to keep the fracture open. The fractured shale allows free flow of natural gas and oil into the pipeline that brings them to the surface for collection.\u00a0 Over a million wells have been drilled in the Marcellus shale through hydraulic fracturing.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/div>\n
\"\"<\/strong><\/a>
Bacteria that cause clogging in fracturing wells<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Blame it on the bugs.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong>\u00a0Anaerobic iron and sulfate degrading bacteria rapidly proliferate in the fracturing fluids, causing corrosion of the pipes and clogging of the proppants.\u00a0 Inevitably biocides had to be included in the fracturing fluid to inhibit bacterial growth to keep the gas flowing.\u00a0 However, in recent years, there has been a tremendous public concern about the environmental impact associated with hydraulic fracturing and, in particular, the possible contamination of the aquifer and nearby streams by biocides and other chemicals present in the fracturing fluid.\u00a0 This triggered the frantic search for more environmentally benign options to keep anaerobic organisms from proliferating, despite the insistence of the oil industry that the technology is safe.\u00a0 Considering the economic and strategic value of extracting US oil-gas reserves, an alternative technology needs to be developed as soon as possible to solve this environmental concern.\u00a0 People are wary of corporations proclaiming safety and it is better for companies to solve the problem than fighting the public perception of another corporate-led environmental catastrophe.\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Poseidon\u2019s position on this matter?<\/strong>\u00a0 I am neither pro nor con to fracking.\u00a0 I think fracking is essential to our country\u2019s energy independence and the continued employment of a whole lot of people during these dire economic times; the industry estimates 280,000 are employed or will be employed.\u00a0 But, I also think the industry must allay the legitimate fears of the public quickly by solving the issue and finding an alternative option to improve the system.\u00a0 I am sure you are thinking that sitting on the fence on this fracking problem is not a healthy thing to do.\u00a0 I neither relish the ire of the Pennsylvanians nor like being at the very bottom of the list in an oil industry event (not that I have ever been on any invitation list; not yet anyway).<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 What to do then?\u00a0 <\/strong>At the risk of stopping all natural gas extraction and exploration, it is imperative that a solution be developed soon to prevent bacterial overgrowth in fracturing wells.\u00a0 Because it takes only a small amount of bacteria to contaminate the well, introduction of bacteria-free fluids or other technologies proposed to date have had marginal impact on the overall problem.\u00a0 A biocidal approach is still the best method.\u00a0 We still need to get those Gallionella<\/em> and Desulfovibrio<\/em> bacteria from clogging the wells and corroding the pipes. \u00a0However, the biocidal material should be environmentally friendly and must not freely diffuse away from the bore hole.\u00a0 This is where the daunting challenges lie.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Technological advances often times are not at the same pace with the response necessary to negate environmental issues that result from catastrophic failure or unforeseen damage. The case in point is the BP Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico.\u00a0 For this reason Poseidon has embarked on an ambitious program, called the Nereus Project<\/em><\/strong>, to develop technologies that help ameliorate environmental problems associated with technological advances.\u00a0 While developing technologies for oil spill cleanup, the Nereus Project has also been looking at alternative options that would prevent biocidal actives from leaching out to the environment from fracking fluids.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0This fracking issue is a hot topic.\u00a0 Tempers are flared, businesses are at stake, livelihoods are threatened and catastrophes, both real and imagined, are all in the now<\/strong> time frame.\u00a0 New technology development takes time and tons of money.\u00a0 But, scientific advances in other fields might be applied here.\u00a0 It is just a matter of looking and selecting the right ones that are available.\u00a0 This time we got lucky.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
Ceramic proppant coated with selenium<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 On July 21, 2010, Poseidon Sciences and Selenium, Ltd. entered into a strategic partnership to develop coatings containing covalently bound selenium [Se].\u00a0 Why Se and not silver or copper?\u00a0 Only Se can be permanently attached to a surface and yet continue to be biologically active.\u00a0 Se is approved by the FDA as a nutritional supplement as an essential nutrient and it also possesses anti-bacterial properties through the release of reactive oxygen species, such as hydrogen peroxide.\u00a0 Upon contact with Se-treated surface, the reactive oxygen released by Se kills the bacteria on contact, thereby preventing biofilm formation and clogging. This killing effect is short range and does not extend far from the coated surface. \u00a0A \u201cgreen technology,\u201d Selenium\u2019s SeLECT\u2122 technology was originally developed within the Texas Tech University [TTU] System by Dr. Ted Reid and Dr. Julian Spallholz, co-chief scientists of Selenium, Ltd. and TTU professors. \u00a0This proprietary technology already achieved FDA 510(k) approval for two separate Class II medical devices and the first coated antimicrobial orthodontic products were introduced to the market in 2009 to prevent dental plaques. \u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 When applied to industrial applications, Selenium\u2019s patented SeLECT\u2122 technology is marketed under the name SeGuard\u2122.\u00a0Because it is bound permanently to the coating and yet remains bioactive, Se does not have to leave the surface to exert its antimicrobial action.\u00a0 Thus, leaching of SeGuard\u2122 to the environment is prevented.\u00a0 This technology will find use in the industry as a coating on proppants, sand and other materials used in hydraulic fracturing and as coatings on the iron pipes used in boreholes.\u00a0 Covalently bound SeGuard\u2122 on the surface of ceramic proppants for an example will be the next generation of non-leaching, environmentally-friendly biocidal technology.\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 If this essential nutrient for the human body is also good enough for our teeth, kills bacteria on contact and doesn\u2019t leave the surface, what else can we ask for?<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Where to go from here?<\/strong>\u00a0 We are still in the process of proving the concept against iron and sulfur reducing bacteria.\u00a0 And, we are very optimistic since Se\u2019s antimicrobial effect is universal.\u00a0 How to make this technology work for the fracking industry will need some serious collaboration with the oil industry players and the EPA.\u00a0 We do need to act faster than usual to make this happen.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Since a vital strategic industry, people\u2019s livelihood and the environment are at stake here, only really serious \u201cfracking\u201d people need apply.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n

Jonathan R. Matias<\/p>\n

Poseidon Sciences Group<\/p>\n

New York, NY<\/p>\n

Who is Nereus?<\/strong><\/p>\n

In Greek Mythology, Nereus was the son of the Titans\u2014Pontus (the Sea) and Gaia (the Earth).\u00a0 Always known as the \u201cOld Man of the Sea\u201d for his truthfulness and virtue, Nereus fathered the Nereids or sea nymphs, known for their friendly help to mariners in stormy seas.\u00a0 <\/em>\u00a0<\/p>\n

For further reading, please see these links:<\/p>\n

This blog entry is derived in part from a July 22, 2010 Poseidon Sciences newsletter:<\/p>\n

http:\/\/www.poseidonsciences.com\/Selenium_environmentally_friendly_biocides-Hydraulic_Fracturing_Poseidon_Sciences.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n

Regarding the Nereus Project:<\/p>\n

http:\/\/www.poseidonsciences.com\/nereus.html<\/a><\/p>\n

On the selenium technology:<\/p>\n

http:\/\/www.selenbio.com\/technology\/index.html#coatings<\/a><\/p>\n

On the fracking problem:<\/p>\n

http:\/\/green.blogs.nytimes.com\/2010\/07\/23\/passions-on-display-at-e-p-a-meeting\/?src=me&ref=science<\/a><\/p>\n

http:\/\/green.blogs.nytimes.com\/2010\/07\/22\/huge-turnout-for-e-p-a-fracking-hearing\/<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Fracking ! Sounds like a curse word, and for some people along the Marcellus Shale regions between New York and West Virginia, it already is.\u00a0 Or, it may sound something like an illegal activity folks engage in somewhere in a dark back alley.\u00a0 And, that also reminds me of the word \u201cfragging\u201d used by … Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":12,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":false,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[4],"tags":[23,44,50,66,73,81,93,95,100,107,114,126,158,177,181,192,193,197],"class_list":["post-30","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-environmental-sciences","tag-anaerobic-bacteria","tag-biocide","tag-bp-oil-spill","tag-coating","tag-desulfovibrio","tag-ecofriendly-technology","tag-fracking","tag-fracking-fluid","tag-gallionella","tag-halliburton","tag-hydraulic-fracturing","tag-jonathan-r-matias","tag-natural-gas","tag-poseidon-sciences","tag-proppant","tag-selenium","tag-selenium-ltd","tag-shale-oil-gas"],"yoast_head":"\nThis Fracking problem: Chasing the solution to this controversial mining issue - Poseidon Sciences<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/scienceblog.com\/poseidonsciences\/30\/this-fracking-problem-chasing-the-solution-to-this-controversial-mining-issue\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"This Fracking problem: Chasing the solution to this controversial mining issue\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Fracking ! Sounds like a curse word, and for some people along the Marcellus Shale regions between New York and West Virginia, it already is.\u00a0 Or, it may sound something like an illegal activity folks engage in somewhere in a dark back alley.\u00a0 And, that also reminds me of the word \u201cfragging\u201d used by ... 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Sounds like a curse word, and for some people along the Marcellus Shale regions between New York and West Virginia, it already is.\u00a0 Or, it may sound something like an illegal activity folks engage in somewhere in a dark back alley.\u00a0 And, that also reminds me of the word \u201cfragging\u201d used by ... 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