New York University chemists have discovered how to make molecules with a twist — the molecules fold in to twisted helical shapes that can accelerate selected chemical reactions. The research, reported in the latest issue of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), could yield valuable methods for making pharmaceuticals and other chemicals that require precise assembly of complex structures.
The NYU team performs studies in “biomimetic chemistry.” This research pursues synthetic molecules with structures and functions resembling molecules found in nature. Many biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can fold themselves into ordered helices and bundles. Within the past decade, scientists have successfully synthesized molecular chains that can also fold into various shapes. Although these “foldamers” resemble biochemical forms, finding mimics of biochemical functions has been more elusive. Now, the NYU chemists are able to create folded molecules that can perform a complex function. In this case, the new molecules are catalysts — substances that speed up the rate of chemical transformations.
The PNAS paper describes how to embed a catalytic chemical group within a larger twisted architecture. The researchers’ hypothesis was that the arrangement of the surrounding twist would help determine how contacts could be made between the catalyst and surrounding molecules. To test the functionality of their foldamer, they combined it with a pair of mirror-image molecules — those with identical composition, but whose atoms are distributed in opposing spatial locations, much like left-handed and right-handed gloves?to determine if it could correctly interact with one of the pair in order to form a new chemical. The ability of the foldamer to do so was evidence of its precision.
“Our molecules are particularly interesting in that they are ‘selective’?they will recognize one type of target molecule and catalyze its chemical conversion,” explained NYU Chemistry Professor Kent Kirshenbaum, one of the study’s authors. “This is especially important for making complex chemical structures, so we think this may be eventually useful for the synthesis of new drugs.”
“Molecules used in pharmaceuticals have to be manufactured in an extremely specific manner,” he added. “The difference in resulting chemicals between two mirror-image molecules could be enormous, so it is crucial that a catalyst correctly make a distinction between similar structures. Once we learn the rules to connect different molecular folds to desired functions, there should be many new tricks and new tasks we can teach our molecules to perform.”
The study’s other authors were NYU Chemistry Professors Michael Ward, who is also the department’s chair, and post-doctoral fellow Galia Maayan. All three are also part of NYU’s Molecular Design Institute. For more on NYU’s Molecular Design Institute, go to: http://www.nyu.edu/fas/dept/chemistry/mdi/
