Nine years after beginning its unprecedented look at the gateway between Earth’s environment and space, not to mention collecting more data on the upper atmosphere than any other satellite, NASA’s Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics (TIMED) mission has been extended again.
Before the launch of TIMED, the mesosphere and lower thermosphere/ionosphere — which help protect us from harmful solar radiation — had been one of the least explored and understood regions of our environment.
“The middle part of the atmosphere was the part we kind of ignored,” says John Sigwarth, the deputy project scientist for TIMED at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, MD. “It’s too high for balloons and too low for spacecraft. So the understanding of this middle atmosphere and its impact on the upper atmosphere has been tremendously increased due to TIMED.”
The mission will now continue to study the influences of the sun and humans on our upper atmosphere. TIMED began its extended mission on Oct. 1, 2010, and will collect data through 2014. This is its fourth extension since the original 2-year mission began in January 2002. TIMED will focus this time on a problem that has long puzzled scientists: differentiating between human-induced and naturally occurring changes in this atmospheric region. This extension also allows TIMED to continue collecting data for longer than a full 11-year solar cycle.
“The sun is a variable star with an 11 year cycle,” says Sigwarth. “So, if things change in the mesosphere, you don’t know if it’s because the sun changed or because human activity has caused the change. By getting back to the same point in the cycle, we can compare what it was like then, and what it’s like now, and see if there’s a long term trend of changes that’s not solar related.”
The key instrument performing this work is known as SABER (or Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry), built by Hampton University in Hampton, Va. SABER can remotely sense composition and temperature in the mesosphere.
In addition to checking for effects from humans, TIMED scientists would like to understand how cooling temperatures in the middle atmosphere are causing the thermosphere to become less dense and its composition to change. With fewer particles in the thermosphere, there’s less drag on satellites in space, which affects how long spacecraft and space debris stay in orbit — information that must be integrated into calculations for orbit models.
Composition changes in the thermosphere can also alter ionospheric structures that affect radio wave propagation and communications. To help with this is an instrument called SEE (or the Solar EUV Experiment) built at the University of Colo., which looks at the sun’s x-rays and extreme ultraviolet rays to see how they impact our atmosphere.
TIMED will also collaborate with NASA’s newest eye on the Sun, the Solar Dynamics Observatory, which provides continuing solar radiation measurements and new views of how solar activity is created.
NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Md. manages the TIMED mission for the agency’s Science Mission Directorate at NASA Headquarters in Washington. The spacecraft was built by the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory in Laurel, Md.
For more information about the TIMED mission and science, visit:
http://stp.gsfc.nasa.gov/missions/timed/timed.htm
This comment is on the statement,” To help with this is an instrument called SEE (or the Solar EUV Experiment) built at the University of Colo., which looks at the sun’s x-rays and extreme ultraviolet rays to see how they impact our atmosphere”. The following paper published in a peer reviewed journal claims that the sun’s X-rays and extreme ultraviolet rays are from radioisotopes (fission fragments) caused by Uranium fission taking place in sun:
M.A. Padmanabha Rao, UV dominant optical emission newly detected from radioisotopes and XRF sources, Brazilian Journal of Physics, Vol.40, no.1, March 2010. http://www.sbfisica.org.br/bjp/files/v40_38.pdf.
Due to nuclear fission, one after another the core electrons get knocked out of excited atoms in radioisotopes resulting into characteristic X-ray emission in Sun. Gamma, X-ray, and beta emissions from fission fragments cause dark radiation, (predicted) with the energy higher than that of UV at eV level, which inturn causes UV dominant optical emission from within the one and same excited atom by a previously unknown atomic phenomenon described in the paper. Therefore, the current sub-atomic research with radioisotopes and XRF sources suggests that the sun’s X-rays and EUV are from radioisotopes, in other words, fission fragments. The Earth seemed to attract EUV, and UV more towards at North and South poles due to its high gravity, while the visible light, near infrared and infrared radiations are attracted towards tropical countries like India due to low gravity.