Plastics-based materials have been in use for decades. But manufacturers are facing a serious hurdle in their quest for new developments: Substantial influences of the microscopic material structure on mechanical material properties cannot be observed directly. The synthetic polymer molecules are simply too small for microscopic observation in mechanical experiments. A team of physicists led by professor Andreas Bausch of the Technische Universitaet Muenchen (TUM) has now developed a method that allows just these kinds of measurements. They present their results in Nature Communications.
When polyethylene film is strongly stretched, it becomes more tear-resistant. This makes shopping bags significantly more resilient. The effect is ascribed to a reorganization of polymer chains. Some elastic polymers get softer with frequently recurring stress. This phenomenon was named the Mullins effect after its discoverer. However, what exactly the polymer chains do when subjected to mechanical stress has so far not been sufficiently understood. One reason for this is that synthetic polymers are too small to be observed using microscopy methods during mechanical stress experiments. An improved understanding of the processes on a molecular level would save a lot of time and money in the development of new plastics.
Nature, too, takes advantage of the mechanical properties of polymers: Biological polymers give cells their stability and play a decisive role when they carry out their complex functions. Professor Andreas Bausch and his team used the muscle filament protein actin to build a new polymer network. The actin filaments are visible under a fluorescence microscope. This allowed the scientists to directly observe the movements of the individual filaments when mechanical stress was applied to the material.
By simultaneously using a rheometer, which is used to study the mechanical properties of materials, and a confocal microscope, the scientists were able to study the behavior of the actin network during mechanical deformation and to film it in three dimensions.
In their studies, published in the online journal Nature Communications, the scientists successfully demonstrated that their model system sheds light not only on the molecular-level processes behind the Mullins effect, but also the opposite effect, which renders material tougher as a result of repeated stress.
The cause for the change in mechanical properties is extensive reorganization in the network structure, which was now observed directly for the first time. In the future, this model will help physicists to better understand changes in the properties of other materials, too.
This research was funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (Excellence Cluster Nanosystems Initiative Munich, International Graduate School of Science and Engineering at the TUM), as well as the Elite Network of Bavaria (CompInt). The cooperation partners at the Georgetown University, Washington D.C., USA, were funded by the National Science Foundation and the US Air Force Office of Scientific Research.
Original publication:
Cyclic hardening in bundled actin networks, K. M. Schmoller, P. Fernández, R. C. Arevalo, D. L. Blair und A. R. Bausch, Nature Communications, Vol. 1, 134, 7 December 2010 — DOI: 10.1038/ncomms1134
Link: http://www.nature.com/ncomms/journal/v1/n9/full/ncomms1134.html
Videos:
Link: http://www.nature.com/ncomms/journal/v1/n9/full/ncomms1134.html (see lower part of the page)
Previous publication:
Press release: The beauty of flock patterns — A model system for group behavior of nanomachines:
http://portal.mytum.de/pressestelle/pressemitteilungen/news_article.2010-09-01.0553131496
Contact:
Prof. Dr. Andreas Bausch
Technische Universitaet Muenchen
Department of Physics — Biophysics (E 27)
James Franck Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
Tel.: +49 89 289 12480
Fax: +49 89 289 14469
E-Mail: [email protected]
Internet: www.bio.ph.tum.de
Technische Universitaet Muenchen (TUM) is one of Europe’s leading universities. It has roughly 460 professors, 7,500 academic and non-academic staff (including those at the university hospital “Rechts der Isar”), and 26,000 students. It focuses on the engineering sciences, natural sciences, life sciences, medicine, and economic sciences. After winning numerous awards, it was selected as an “Elite University” in 2006 by the Science Council (Wissenschaftsrat) and the German Research Foundation (DFG). The university’s global network includes an outpost in Singapore. TUM is dedicated to the ideal of a top-level research based entrepreneurial university. http://www.tum.de
