By studying the tolerance of marine invertebrates to a wide range of temperature and pressure, scientists are beginning to understand how shallow-water species could have colonised the ocean depths.
Scientists believe that climate changes at various at various times during Earth’s history caused extinctions of creatures living at bathyal (1,000,000 metres) and abyssal (>4,000 m) depths. These extinctions were apparently followed by re-colonisation of the deep sea by shallow-water species, which subsequently evolved into the species well adapted for life in this new challenging environment.
“Many deep-sea species have close relatives living in shallow, relatively warm water, but how shallow-water species were initially able to cope with the huge hydrostatic pressures of the deep ocean is poorly understood,” explained Dr Sven Thatje of the University of Southampton’s School of Ocean and Earth Science (SOES) based at the National Oceanography Centre, Southampton.
Another potentially obstacle to vertical migration from the surface to the deep ocean is that of temperature. Most shallow-water species alive today are used to living in relatively warm water rather than the frigid temperatures of the deep sea. One possibility is that re-colonisation occurred during geological periods when deep-sea temperatures were warmer. Alternatively, species living in the colder waters of polar regions may have been pre-adapted to life in the deep sea.
To address these issues experimentally, Thatje and his collaborators turned to a model species, the variable shrimp (Palaemonetes varians). The species is native to Western Europe and lives in shallow, brackish habitats. It tolerates low oxygen conditions and wide fluctuations in temperature and salinity, and has potential for commercial aquaculture.
“P. varians is closely related to deep-sea shrimp species living around hydrothermal vents — ‘black smokers’ — in the Atlantic, making it an excellent case for comparison with these deep-living shrimps,” said Andrew Oliphant, lead author and PhD student at the graduate school at the National Oceanography Centre, Southampton.
The researchers collected variable shrimps from Lymington salt marshes (England) and from Bay of Mont Saint Michel (France) and acclimated them to life in the laboratory. They then tested the ability of adult shrimps to withstand the effects of various pressure and temperature combinations, measuring both oxygen consumption and behaviour.
The water temperature experienced by variable shrimps in their natural habitats varies seasonally, dipping to around 0°C in the winter, with a summer high of around 30°C. The researchers found that the shrimps were more sensitive to pressure at lower temperatures. Nevertheless, at all temperatures between 5 and 30°C the shrimps tolerated hydrostatic pressures far beyond what they would experience in shallow water.
The highest pressure tested was 30 megapascals (MPa), which is equivalent to approximately 4,351 pounds per square inch or 3,000m water depth. For comparison, in their natural habitat, variable shrimps live at a hydrostatic pressure of around 0.1 MPa equalling atmospheric pressure.
“We have demonstrated that P. varians can tolerate temperatures and pressures similar to those experienced by their deep-water cousins living around hydrothermal vents,” said Dr Thatje. “These physiological capabilities were probably inherited from an ancestral species shared by both shallow-water and related vent species.”
Notes for media
1. The researchers are Andrew Oliphant, Sven Thatje and Alastair Brown (SOES), and Marina Morini, Juliette Ravaux and Bruce Shillito (UPMC Université Paris).
2. The research was supported supported by the Total Foundation.
3. Publication: Oliphant, A., Thatje, S., Brown, A., Morini, M., Ravaux, J. & Shillito, B. Pressure tolerance of the shallow-water caridean shrimp, Palaemonetes varians, across its thermal tolerance window. J. Experimental Biol. 214. 1109� (2011). doi:10.1242/jeb.048058
4. The University of Southampton’s School of Ocean and Earth Science (SOES) is based at the National Oceanography Centre in Southampton.
Apart from its world leading research, SOES is also responsible for the education of 700 undergraduate and postgraduate students www.soton.ac.uk/soes
The University of Southampton is a leading UK teaching and research institution with a global reputation for research and scholarship across a wide range of subjects in engineering, science, social sciences, health, arts and humanities www.soton.ac.uk
With over 22,000 students, around 5,000 staff, and an annual turnover of almost £400 million, the University of Southampton is one of the country’s top institutions for engineering, computer science and medicine. We combine academic excellence with an innovative and entrepreneurial approach to research, supporting a culture that engages and challenges students and staff in their pursuit of learning.
The University is also home to a number of world-leading research centres including the Institute of Sound and Vibration Research, the Optoelectronics Research Centre, the Centre for the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease, and the Southampton Statistical Sciences Research Institute.
5. The National Oceanography Centre (NOC) is a new national research organisation that went live on 1 April 2010. NOC works in partnership with the UK marine research community to deliver integrated marine science and technology from the coast to the deep ocean. It was formed by bringing together into a single institution NERC-managed activity at the National Oceanography Centre, Southampton and the Proudman Oceanographic Laboratory in Liverpool.
NOC works in close partnership with the wider marine science community to create the integrated research capability needed to tackle the big environmental issues facing the world. Research priorities will include the oceans’ role in climate change, sea-level change and the future of the Arctic Ocean.
The University of Southampton and the University of Liverpool are hosting partners of NOC. The University of Southampton’s School of Ocean & Earth Science shares a waterfront campus with the NERC-operated elements of the NOC, and a close collaborative relationship is maintained at both Southampton and Liverpool.
