White storks are addicted to junk food and make round-trips of almost 100km to get their fix – according to new research from the University of East Anglia.
In folklore, storks would carry babies to parents around the world. But since the mid 1980s, increasing numbers no longer migrate from Europe to Africa for the winter.
Instead, many live in Spain and Portugal the whole year round – feeding on ‘junk food’ from landfill sites, which provide an abundant and reliable food supply.
The bird is among a growing number of migratory species that have changed their behaviour due to human influences and global environmental change.
New research published today is the first to confirm that white storks are now resident nesting and living near landfill sites all year round.
And researchers now fear that the closure of landfills, as required by EU Landfill Directives, will have a dramatic impact on white stork populations.
Lead researcher Dr Aldina Franco, from UEA’s School of Environmental Sciences, said: “Portugal’s stork population has grown 10 fold over the last 20 years. The country is now home to around 14,000 wintering birds, and numbers continue to grow.
“These are exciting times to study animal migration. Several species, including the white stork, which used to be fully migratory in Europe now have resident populations. We want to understand the causes and the mechanisms behind these changes in migratory behaviour.”
“This study looked at the birds’ reliance on landfill food, we found that the continuous availability of junk food from landfill has influenced nest use, daily travel distances, and foraging ranges.”
The research team tracked 48 birds using GPS tracking devices which transmit their positions five times a day. Each tracker also collected accelerometer information with detailed data about the birds’ behaviour. The researchers are developing these trackers at UEA together with colleagues from the University of Lisbon and Porto and from the British Trust for Ornithology.
The data allowed the team to track the storks’ movement between nesting and feeding areas, detect long and short distance flights, and study their behaviour – to see whether they were standing and preening, foraging for food, or tending their eggs.
“Storks now rely on landfill sites for food – especially during the non-breeding season when other food sources are more scarce. This has facilitated the establishment of resident populations.
“We found that the landfill sites enable year-round nest use, which is an entirely new behaviour that has developed very recently. This strategy enables the resident birds to select the best nest sites and to start breeding earlier.
“Having a nest close to a guaranteed food supply also means that the storks are less inclined to leave for the winter. They instead spend their non-breeding season defending their highly desirable nest locations.
“But we also show that as well as those nesting close to the landfill sites, others are willing to travel up to 48.2km to visit landfill sites during the non-breeding season and up to 28.1km during the breeding season. This is much further than previous estimates.
“Under new EU Landfill Directives, rubbish dumps sites in Portugal are scheduled to be gradually replaced by new facilities where food waste is handled under cover. This will cause a problem for the storks as they will have to find an alternative winter food supply. It may well impact on their distribution, breeding location, chick fledging success and migratory decisions,” she added.
This work is part of Nathalie Gilbert’s PhD project funded by the Natural Environmental Research Council (NERC) and with the British trust for Ornithology as a CASE partner. Dr Franco is the PhD supervisor.
‘Are white storks addicted to junk food? Impacts of landfill use on the movement and behaviour of resident white storks (Ciconia ciconia) from a partially migratory population’ is published in the journal Movement Ecology on March 16, 2016.
