For more than 400 years, humanity has been pointing telescopes skyward, peering into the depths of space to ask fundamental questions about the nature of the universe.
Even today, many of those essential questions remained unanswered. Arizona State University has joined an ambitious project that seeks to solve some of the biggest mysteries.
The Giant Magellan Telescope Organization (GMTO) is an international consortium of universities and institutions dedicated to building the largest, most advanced optical telescope to date. The Giant Magellan Telescope (GMT) will give us a closer look at the first stars and galaxies to ever exist. It will also help us understand planets outside of our own solar system — including ones that could support life.
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“Really big, exciting scientific advances are created by new instrumentation. To be serious about studying space, other planets, more distant parts of our galaxy and our universe, then we need to join in these partnerships,” said Lindy Elkins-Tanton, director of ASU’s School of Earth and Space Exploration (SESE). “So I’m excited that we’ve taken this leap institutionally to join the great partnership of what’s going to be a beautiful and transformational instrument.”
Destined for Las Campanas Observatory in Chile, the GMT is slated to be the first completed telescope to qualify as an “extremely large telescope” — defined as an optical telescope whose mirrors measure between 20 to 40 meters across. Upon planned completion in 2026, the GMT will boast an optical surface of 24.5 meters in diameter, which is a little longer than a bowling lane.
Earlier this month, the telescope’s fifth of its seven mirrors was cast from borosilicate glass melted in a 2,100-degree rotating oven at the Richard F. Caris Mirror Lab. This gives the mirrors a parabolic shape as they cool over a three-month period, which saves time on polishing.
The GMT’s mirrors will be arranged like lotus flower petals. Six circular off-axis mirrors, each weighing 17 tons — as much as two large elephants — will surround a central, on-axis mirror. Each mirror will be coated in a layer of aluminum just a few atoms thick to create the all-important reflective surface.
These enormous mirrors are expected to achieve a resolving power 10 times greater than that of the Hubble Space Telescope in the infrared region of the spectrum. The GMT’s location will bolster its ability to collect light and high-resolution images. Sitting atop Las Campanas Peak at approximately 8,200 feet, the observatory will be situated in one of the driest places on Earth and will enjoy clear, dark skies for more than 300 days a year.
Citing the uniquely interdisciplinary nature of ASU, Elkins-Tanton believes that SESE is well-positioned to contribute to the GMT’s mission and benefit from the data it will collect.
“We have people who study star formation in addition to people who understand rocky planets in our solar systems and those who do experiments on the physical nature of the Earth itself,” Elkins-Tanton said. “All those different skills and topics come together to better understand what the GMT is going to give us.”
For instance, Rogier Windhorst, the co-director of the ASU Cosmology Initiative, anticipates that the GMT will enable him to expand his work on early stars and galaxies and open the door to the characterization of the first astronomical objects in the universe.
Windhorst, a Regents’ and Foundation Professor, is also a team member on NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope, slated to launch in 2019. Space telescopes such as Webb and its precursor, the Hubble Space Telescope, excel at taking stable images and finding objects. But ground-based telescopes such as the GMT will comb through and analyze the light emitted from these objects, according to Windhorst.
“In this way, Hubble and James Webb find the candidates, but the big ground-based telescopes do the more detailed work in terms of spectroscopy and finding the elements for life in the atmospheres of these planets or characterization of the light from the first stars and galaxies,” said Windhorst, who will discuss next-generation telescopes at the New Discoveries lecture Thursday in Tempe.
The suite of instruments planned to accompany the GMT will aid this analysis. Evgenya Shkolnik, an assistant professor of astrophysics, can’t wait to get her hands on some of the telescope’s spectrographs. They will help her study the atmospheres of exoplanets — planets outside our own solar system. She also studies the stars they orbit and how they interact with each other.
“How does the star affect the planets that orbit it?” Shkolnik asked. “The planets don’t live in isolation — they are constantly bombarded by the photons and energetic particles that come from the central star. In order to understand the planet, we must also understand the star and the interaction between the two.”
Currently, researchers are limited to a scarce few observations of these far-flung exoplanets and their stars. The GMT will allow Shkolnik and others to view many more exoplanetary atmospheres and to do so faster, thanks to the telescope’s massive collecting area.
“We don’t have to stare at them for quite as long because you get many more photons with such a big telescope. So in the same amount of time, we’ll be able to get many more observations of many more planets, which means we could start doing statistical analyses on the differences from planet to planet,” she added.
A focus of Shkolnik’s research is red dwarf stars. Though they’re one of the most prevalent stars in our galactic neighborhood, red dwarfs are difficult to observe. Because they are only half the mass of our own sun, or less, they emit much less light and infrared radiation. According to Shkolnik, even if two stars are the same distance from Earth, the one lower in mass will be far fainter, sometimes as much as a thousand times so.
“I’ve used many telescopes all over the world. I would definitely say that in all cases we run up against observing limitations, because everyone wants to go fainter or higher resolution than we can, and that’s something that the GMT will win over in spades,” she said.
Thanks to the high angular resolution of the GMT — or the ability to differentiate faraway objects situated close together — and the telescope’s high spectral resolution instruments, Shkolnik and her fellow researchers will be able to closely examine planets in red dwarf systems, such as Proxima Centauri and planets similar to the TRAPPIST-1 system of seven planets.
Elkins-Tanton, a geophysicist and planetary scientist, is particularly interested in rocky exoplanets, such as those orbiting Proxima Centauri and TRAPPIST-1.
“It’s been such a revelation over the last decade that the Earth is not alone in the universe and how many planets out there that are rocky exoplanets the size of Earth,” she said. “Taking those next steps in understanding those rocky planets is going to be made possible by telescopes like the GMT.”
Perhaps even more intriguing than understanding the makeup of these Earth-like worlds is the possibility that they could support life. Associate Professor Patrick Young, a theoretical astrophysicist, is most enthusiastic about the telescope’s implications for his work in astrobiology and planetary habitability.
“One of the big design drivers of GMT is to be able to directly image extrasolar planets and characterize them in the systems that they live in very precisely,” Young said. “Getting information on things like the atmospheric composition of planets around other stars is really a game changer. We can do that for a tiny fraction of systems today, but the number and variety of the kinds of planets we’ll be able to see with GMT will increase enormously.”
These types of revelations also hold promise for Young’s work as SESE’s associate director of community outreach.
“Exoplanets and planetary habitability are huge public draws. This instrument will have the advantage that part of the work we’ll do is directly imaging some extrasolar planets,” Young said. “As much as you can tell from looking at spectra of transits or radial velocity curves or other things where you’re mostly staring at the star, there’s nothing like actually seeing a planet, even if it’s a tiny dot pulled out of the noise of the nearby star.”
Direct imaging also opens up possibilities for researchers who work outside of optical telescopes, such as Judd Bowman.
Bowman, an associate professor of astrophysics, is optimistic about how the GMT may complement his work using radio telescopes to study the gas that surrounded the first galaxies. While optical telescopes gather data from light waves, radio telescopes collect light with wavelengths measured in centimeters or even meters.
As the head of ASU’s Low-Frequency Cosmology Lab, Bowman has contributed to both EDGES (the Experiment to Detect the Global EoR Signature) and HERA (the Hydrogen Epoch of Reionization Array) radio telescopes located in Australia and South Africa, respectively. While the GMT aims to view the first galaxies, Bowman’s research focuses on the effects they had on their cosmic surroundings. The combined capabilities of the GMT and those of his radio telescopes is a fusion he describes as a “knockout punch.”
“This combination is critical for understanding stellar evolution, the role of black holes and the formation of galaxies in the early universe, as well as the evolution of the universe as a whole,” Bowman said.
In fact, the marriage of radio and optical observations was one of the reasons he was excited to join ASU in 2010.
“I wanted to be part of a team with leading early-galaxy observers, like we have here at ASU. Now with GMT under construction and our radio telescopes beginning operations as well, we are about to start that great new era,” he said.
Though the GMT holds great promise for an expanded understanding of our universe, such advancements require collaboration from its host of partner institutions. The opportunities presented by that level of teamwork was one reason Windhorst was keen to get ASU involved.
“These telescopes are simply too big to be run by one university or even by one nation,” he said. “And if you’re not involved in these kind of projects 10 years from now, you risk becoming a second-rank university department. We want ASU to be at the forefront of these things, so we have to go where the world is going and be part of these big enterprises.”
