A new study examining the complex and dynamic interactions between white sharks and Cape fur seals in False Bay, South Africa, offers new insights on the physical conditions and biological factors underlying predator-prey interactions in the marine environment.
Neil Hammerschlag, an assistant professor at the University of Miami’s Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, and a colleague from the University of British Columbia describe how white sharks are camouflaged as they stalk their prey from below. Low-light conditions from the optical scattering of light through water, along with a shark’s dark grey back and the dimly light rocky reef habitat, allow sharks to remain undetected by seals swimming at the water’s surface.
“Animal hunting in the ocean is rarely observed by humans,” said Hammerschalg, director of the RJ Dunlap Marine Conservation Program at UM. “The high frequency of attacks by white sharks on seals at our study site in South Africa provides a very unique opportunity to uncover new insights about predator-prey relationships.”
White sharks hunt from below
Sharks typically search, stalk, and strike their prey from below. The vast majority of predatory strikes by sharks on Cape fur seals occur against small groups of young-of-the-year seals. Predatory activity by sharks is most intense within two hours of sunrise and quickly decreases as light penetration in the water column increases.
“Stealth and ambush are key elements in the white shark’s predatory strategy,” said Hammerschlag.
Cape fur seals also have unique techniques to detect, avoid, outmaneuver, and in some cases injure the white shark in order to avoid a shark attack.
According to the authors, if a seal is not disabled during the shark’s initial strike, the small seal can use its highly maneuverable body to leap away from the shark’s jaws to evade a second strike.
The study, titled “Marine predator-prey contests: Ambush and speed versus vigilance and agility,” was published in the November 30 online edition of the journal Marine Biology Research. Hammerschlag’s co-author is the late R. Aiden Martin.