Hard data gained from fossilized corals have spoken strongly against a popular theoretical assumption that volcanic activity may have influenced El Nino events.
A study published in the journal Science in March and led by researchers from Rice University and the Georgia Institute of Technology parsed the record archived by ancient tropical Pacific coral over the past millennium. That record could help scientists refine their models of how changing conditions in the Pacific influence the occurrence of El Niño events, which are major drivers of global climate.
The researchers found that the ratio of oxygen isotopes sequestered in coral – an accurate measure of historic ocean temperatures – showed no correlation between El Niño events and estimates of sulfate particles ejected into the atmosphere by tropical volcanic eruptions.
The coral data was collected on trips to the Pacific over the course of 20 years, by teams led by Kim Cobb, a professor in Georgia Tech’s School of Earth and Atmospheric Science. Those coral records have shown little connection between known volcanoes and El Niño events over that time. Like tree rings, these paleoclimate archives have held chemical indicators, the oxygen isotopes, of oceanic conditions at the time they formed.
The corals yield a high-fidelity record that tracks the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) in the heart of the central tropical Pacific. The ENSO is a natural oscillation of hotter and cooler surface water temperatures that peak every few years to trigger El Ninos in the hot phases and La Ninas in the cool phases.
Challenging established models
According to Rice climate scientist and the study’s corresponding author Sylvia Dee, previous climate model studies have tied volcanic eruptions, which increase sulfate aerosols in the atmosphere, to increased chances for an El Niño event. But the ability to analyze climate conditions based on oxygen isotopes trapped in fossil corals has extended the climatological record in this key region across more than 20 ancient eruptions. Dee said this has allowed for a more rigorous test of the connection.
“A lot of climate modeling studies show a dynamical connection where volcanic eruptions can initiate El Niño events,” Dee said. “We can run climate models many centuries into the past, simulating volcanic eruptions for the last millennium. But the models are just that — models — and the coral record captures reality.”
The coral records Cobb and her colleagues studied for this particular research held unambiguous markers of conditions over 319 years, from 1146-1465. This and data from other corals spans more than 500 years of the last millennium and, they wrote, “presents a window into the effects of large volcanic eruptions on tropical Pacific climate.”
That span of time includes the 1257 eruption of Mt. Samalas, the largest and most sulfurous of the last millennium.
Expanding coral records
Cobb said her lab has been developing techniques and expanding the coral record for years.
“My first expedition to the islands was in 1997, and it has been my sole focus pretty much since then to extract the best records that we can from these regions,” she said, noting the lab has issued many papers on the topic, including a groundbreaking 2003 study on ENSO in Nature.
Cobb said dating the ancient coral samples depends on precise uranium-thorium dating, followed by thousands of mass spectrometric analyses of coral oxygen isotopes from powders drilled every 1 millimeter across the coral’s growth axis.
“That speaks to the temperature reconstruction,” she said. “We’re borrowing on 70 years of work with this particular chemistry to establish a robust temperature proxy in corals.”
The oxygen-16 to oxygen-18 isotopes revealed by spectrometry show that the temperature of the water at the time the coral formed, Cobb said.
“The ratio of those two isotopes in carbonates is a function of the temperature,” she said. “That’s the magic: It’s based on pure thermodynamics.”
“This beautiful coral record is highly sensitive to El Niño and La Niña events based on its location,” Dee added. “Scientists have reconstructed the timing of those volcanic eruptions from ice-core records. We compared the timing of the largest eruptions to the coral record to see if volcanic cooling events had any impact on tropical Pacific climate.”
“Our study suggests that linkage doesn’t exist or, if it does, it is obscured by the large natural variability in the climate system,” Dee said. “In general, El Niño is a natural oscillator in the climate system.”
Co-authors of the paper were Julien Emile-Geay from the University of Southern California; Toby Ault from Cornell University; Lawrence Edwards from the University of Minnesota; research scientist Hai Cheng of Minnesota University and Xi’an Jiaotong University, China; and Christopher Charles from the University of California, San Diego. The research was funded by the National Science Foundation. Any findings, conclusions, or recommendations are those of the funding agencies and not necessarily of the sponsor.
Rice University media inquiries:
Mike Williams, writer
[email protected]
Georgia Tech media inquiries:
Ben Brumfield
[email protected]
