Eating fatty food in the days leading up to surgery may prompt a heightened inflammatory response in the brain that interferes for weeks with memory-related cognitive function in older adults – and, new research in animals suggests, even in young adults.
The study, building upon .
Barrientos’ lab studies how everyday life events might trigger inflammation in the aging brain as the nervous system responds to signals from the immune system reacting to a threat. Decades of research has suggested that with aging comes long-term “priming” of the brain’s inflammatory profile and a loss of brain-cell reserve to bounce back.
Researchers fed young adult and aged rats a diet high in saturated fat for three days before a procedure resembling exploratory abdominal surgery – an event already known to cause about a week of cognitive issues in an older brain. Control rats ate regular food and were anesthetized, but had no surgery. (Barrientos’ lab has determined anesthesia alone does not cause memory problems in rats.)
In this study, as in previous research on aged rats treated with morphine after surgery, the team showed that an immune system receptor called TLR4 was the culprit behind the brain inflammation and related memory problems generated by both surgery and the high-fat diet, said first author Stephanie Muscat, assistant clinical professor of neuroscience at Ohio State.
“Blocking the TLR4 signaling pathway prior to the diet and surgery completely prevented that neuroimmune response and memory impairments, which confirmed this specific mechanism,” Muscat said. “And as we had found before in another model of an unhealthy diet, we showed that DHA supplementation did mitigate those inflammatory effects and prevent memory deficits after surgery.”
There were some surprising memory findings in the new work. Different behavioral tasks are used to test two types of memory: contextual memory based in the hippocampus and cued-fear memory based in the amygdala. In contextual memory tests, rats with normal memory freeze when they re-enter a room in which they had an unpleasant experience. Cued-fear memory is evident when rats freeze in a new environment when they hear a sound connected to that previous bad experience.
For aged rats in this study, as expected, the combination of a high-fat diet and surgery led to problems with both contextual and cued-fear memory that persisted for at least two weeks – a longer-lasting effect than the researchers had seen before.
The high-fat diet alone also impaired the aging rats’ cued-fear memory. And in young adult rats, the combination of the high-fat diet and surgery led to only cued-fear memory deficits, but no problems with memory governed by the hippocampus.
“What this is telling us in aged animals, along with the fact we’re seeing this same impairment in young animals after the high-fat diet and surgery, is that cued-fear memory is uniquely vulnerable to the effects of diet. And we don’t know why,” Barrientos said. “One of the things we’re hoping to understand in the future is the vulnerability of the amygdala to these unhealthy diet challenges.”
With increasing evidence suggesting that fatty and highly processed foods can trigger inflammation-related memory problems in brains of all ages, the consistent findings that DHA – one of two omega-3 fatty acids in fish and other seafood and available in supplement form – has a protective effect are compelling, Barrientos said.
“DHA was really effective at preventing these changes,” she said. “And that’s amazing – it really suggests that this could be a potential pretreatment, especially if people know they’re going to have surgery and their diet is unhealthy.”
This work was supported by grants from the National Institute on Aging and the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke.
Co-authors included Michael Butler, Menaz Bettes, James DeMarsh, Emmanuel Scaria and Nicholas Deems, all of Ohio State.