Using auditory or tactile stimulation, Sensory Substitution Devices (SSDs) provide representations of visual information and can help the blind “see” colors and shapes. SSDs scan images and transform the information into audio or touch signals that users are trained to understand, enabling them to recognize the image without seeing it.
Currently SSDs are not widely used within the blind community because they can be cumbersome and unpleasant to use. However, a team of researchers at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem have developed the EyeMusic, a novel SSD that transmits shape and color information through a composition of pleasant musical tones, or “soundscapes.” A new study published inRestorative Neurology and Neuroscience reports that using the EyeMusic SSD, both blind and blindfolded sighted participants were able to correctly identify a variety of basic shapes and colors after as little as 2-3 hours of training.
Most SSDs do not have the ability to provide color information, and some of the tactile and auditory systems used are said to be unpleasant after prolonged use. The EyeMusic, developed by senior investigator Prof. Amir Amedi, PhD, and his team at the Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences (ELSC) and the Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada at the Hebrew University, scans an image and uses musical pitch to represent the location of pixels. The higher the pixel on a vertical plane, the higher the pitch of the musical note associated with it. Timing is used to indicate horizontal pixel location. Notes played closer to the opening cue represent the left side of the image, while notes played later in the sequence represent the right side. Additionally, color information is conveyed by the use of different musical instruments to create the sounds: white (vocals), blue (trumpet), red (reggae organ), green (synthesized reed), yellow (violin); black is represented by silence.
“This study is a demonstration of abilities showing that it is possible to encode the basic building blocks of shape using the EyeMusic,” explains Prof. Amir Amedi. “Furthermore, the success in associating color to musical timbre holds promise for facilitating the representation of more complex shapes.”
In addition to successfully identifying shapes and colors, users in the new EyeMusic study indicated they found the SSD’s soundscapes to be relatively pleasant and potentially tolerable for prolonged use. “In soundscapes generated from images,” notes Prof. Amedi, “there is a tendency for adjacent frequencies to be played together. Using a semitone western scale would then generate sounds that are perceived as highly dissonant. Therefore, to generate more pleasant soundscapes, we used the pentatonic musical scale that generates less dissonance when adjacent notes are played together.”
While this new study shows that the EyeMusic can enable the visually impaired to extract visual shape and color information using auditory soundscapes of objects, researchers feel that this device also holds great promise for the field of visual rehabilitation in general. By providing additional color information, the EyeMusic can help facilitate object recognition and scene segmentation, while the pleasant soundscapes offer the potential of prolonged use.
“There is evidence suggesting that the brain is organized as a task-machine and not as a sensory machine. This strengthens the view that SSDs can be useful for visual rehabilitation, and therefore we suggest that the time may be ripe for turning part of the SSD spotlight back on practical visual rehabilitation,” Prof. Amedi adds. “In the future, it would be intriguing to test whether the use of naturalistic sounds, like music and human voice, can facilitate learning and brain processing relying on the developed neural networks for music and human voice processing.”
Additionally, the researchers hope the EyeMusic can become a tool for future neuroscience research. “It would be intriguing to explore the plastic changes associated with learning to decode color information for auditory timbre in the congenitally blind, who never experience color in their life. The utilization of the EyeMusic and its added color information in the field of neuroscience could facilitate exploring several questions in the blind with the potential to expand our understanding of brain organization in general,” concludes Prof. Amedi.
