Review of ONLY A THEORY: EVOLUTION AND THE BATTLE FOR AMERICA'S SOUL

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In 2004, the science department of the Dover Area High School in eastern Pennsylvania met to select a new textbook for its general biology course. Their choice: a widely-used Prentice Hall text by Brown University professor Kenneth R. Miller and co-author Joseph S. Levine.

The selection process seemed unremarkable until, as Miller describes in his new book Only A Theory: Evolution and the Battle for America’s Soul, “One of the board’s members complained that the book was ‘laced with Darwinism from beginning to end’ and set about helping to present an alternative to teachers. The board also arranged for the purchase of two classroom sets of the ID [Intelligent Design] textbook Of Pandas and People, which were placed in the high school library.”

Mainstream science rejects ID’s claim of scientific legitimacy, because it introduces an entity called the intelligent designer whose powers go beyond Nature. Though ID advocates, such as the researchers of the Discovery Institute, explicitly distinguish that designer from a deity, their approach still looked enough like religion to prompt a group of eleven parents to file a federal lawsuit. The plaintiffs, led by Tammy Kitzmiller, alleged that the board had violated their First Amendment rights by establishing a particular religious doctrine as part of the school’s curriculum.

With that, a local skirmish over Darwin’s theory erupted into Kitzmiller v. Dover, a full-fledged legal battle between advocates of Intelligent Design and Darwinian Evolution. Judge John E. Jones III, a conservative appointed by President George W. Bush, presided.

In Only A Theory, Miller does not tell the full story of that trial. Rather his purpose is to present its implications, drawing on both his broad perspective as a leading biology educator and his experience as the plaintiffs’ opening and most important witness.

He draws his title from a brief encounter in a courtroom, where “even a whisper can catch your attention, especially one that comes right at you with a smile and a wink.”

“‘Only a theory,’ she said, shaking her head just enough to get my attention as I walked past her,” Miller continues. “‘It’s only a theory—and we’re gonna win.” Her smile was genuine, and its certainty was unmistakable.”

She didn’t win in that trial. Judge Jones recognized that ID was old-fashioned Creationism in a fancy suit, but Miller and his courtroom antagonist both know that the uniquely American cultural war over Evolution will continue. That prospect worries him, especially as he ponders the goals and strategies of the ID movement.

Under the guise of proposing “irreducible complexity” as a competing hypothesis to Darwinian Evolution, ID advocates set out to demonstrate scientifically that an entity that they describe as the intelligent designer must exist. The designer is not necessarily divine (though they won’t argue against that), but he, she, or it clearly must operate beyond the natural realm.

The problem with this approach is that it only works if science is redefined to include the “non-natural,” a term ID advocates use to avoid “supernatural.” The tactic, if successful, not only overturns Darwinian Evolution but also shreds the fabric of natural science itself.

Why should the designer only work in biology? Why invoke astrophysics and 13.7 billion years of history to explain the universe? Why invoke 4.5 billion years of solar system development to create the kind of planet on which the designer could bring a long sequence of ecologies into existence, only to have them replaced by other ecologies until one eventually emerges in which humans dominate?

Fortunately, despite all their efforts to prove that irreducibly complex units exist, ID researchers have been foiled by Nature itself. Miller describes scientific research that has systematically demolished ID’s most cherished claim.

ID advocates have been forced to go back to the drawing board, but they are not giving up. Miller worries about what damage their continuing assault may produce.

Yet he expresses confidence in the unique American system that encourages challenges to the established order. It is the source of the legendary American individuality and self-sufficiency that economic conservatives tout as the engine that drives our progress.

They argue that our economy thrives with fewer controls. It achieves maximum efficiency by allowing individuals to act in their best interest. It encourages innovation. Many novel ideas fail, but the most successful ones lead to new ways of doing things in an always challenging environment.

That’s economic evolution by natural selection, and it happens without a designer’s intervention. Why shouldn’t life on Earth, or any other planet, operate in the same way?

In Astrobiology, his latest book for young readers, Fred Bortz describes the science behind space aliens, including how a variety of life forms might evolve on other worlds.