BATAVIA, Illinois-Scientists of the MINOS experiment at the Department of Energy’s Fermi National Accelerator laboratory today (June 14) announced the world’s most precise measurement to date of the parameters that govern antineutrino oscillations, the back-and-forth transformations of antineutrinos from one type to another. This result provides information about the difference in mass between different antineutrino types. The measurement showed an unexpected variance in the values for neutrinos and antineutrinos. This mass difference parameter, called Δm2 (“delta m squared”), is smaller by approximately 40 percent for neutrinos than for antineutrinos.
However, there is a still a five percent probability that Δm2 is actually the same for neutrinos and antineutrinos. With such a level of uncertainty, MINOS physicists need more data and analysis to know for certain if the variance is real.
Neutrinos and antineutrinos behave differently in many respects, but the MINOS results, presented today at the Neutrino 2010 conference in Athens, Greece, and in a seminar at Fermilab, are the first observation of a potential fundamental difference that established physical theory could not explain.
“Everything we know up to now about neutrinos would tell you that our measured mass difference parameters should be very similar for neutrinos and antineutrinos,” said MINOS co-spokesperson Rob Plunkett. “If this result holds up, it would signal a fundamentally new property of the neutrino-antineutrino system. The implications of this difference for the physics of the universe would be profound.”
The NUMI beam is capable of producing intense beams of either antineutrinos or neutrinos. This capability allowed the experimenters to measure the unexpected mass difference parameters. The measurement also relies on the unique characteristics of the MINOS detector, particularly its magnetic field, which allows the detector to separate the positively and negatively charged muons resulting from interactions of antineutrinos and neutrinos, respectively. MINOS scientists have also updated their measurement of the standard oscillation parameters for muon neutrinos, providing an extremely precise value of Δm2.
Muon antineutrinos are produced in a beam originating in Fermilab’s Main Injector. The antineutrinos’ extremely rare interactions with matter allow most of them to pass through the Earth unperturbed. A small number, however, interact in the MINOS detector, located 735 km away from Fermilab in Soudan, Minnesota. During their journey, which lasts 2.5 milliseconds, the particles oscillate in a process governed by a difference between their mass states.
“We do know that a difference of this size in the behavior of neutrinos and antineutrinos could not be explained by current theory,” said MINOS co-spokesperson Jenny Thomas. “While the neutrinos and antineutrinos do behave differently on their journey through the Earth, the Standard Model predicts the effect is immeasurably small in the MINOS experiment. Clearly, more antineutrino running is essential to clarify whether this effect is just due to a statistical fluctuation.”
The MINOS experiment involves more than 140 scientists, engineers, technical specialists and students from 30 institutions, including universities and national laboratories, in five countries: Brazil, Greece, Poland, the United Kingdom and the United States. Funding comes from: the Department of Energy and the National Science Foundation in the U.S., the Science and Technology Facilities Council in the U.K; the University of Minnesota in the U.S.; the University of Athens in Greece; and Brazil’s Foundation for Research Support of the State of São Paulo (FAPESP) and National Council of Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq).
Fermilab is a national laboratory funded by the Office of Science of the U.S. Department of Energy, operated under contract by Fermi Research Alliance, LLC.
That’s precisely my concern, David. PR departments don’t report such things. It’s not nearly as bad as the way Pons/Fleischman handled “cold fusion,” but it reflects a failure to learn the lessons of that episode.Fred Bortz
Should a finding this remarkable be reported when the confidence level is only 95%? Perhaps in a technical journal where other researchers would understand the statistics and try to replicate or refine the result.But I question the wisdom of issuing a news release when there is still a significant chance that the result will be overturned by future research.Fred Bortz, author ofPhysics: Decade by Decade (Twentieth-Century Science, Facts On File, 2007)
I’m not so concerned, Fred. I notice that they pointed out the 5% potential for error in the beginning of the second paragraph. That seems quite forthcoming to me. (Of course, I could be considered to be one of those “other researchers [who] would understand the statistics”. :) )
Is it real, or just a statistical “fluctuation”? I certainly don’t know, at this point. If it were real, it would certainly fly in the face of what we think we know about fundamental particles and their anti-particles. That would certainly be something. (However, that would mean they have found a violation of CPT [Charge/Parity/Time symmetry], which I very much doubt. On the other hand…)
However, it also means that this result comes under the onus of “extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence”. I look forward to either hearing the extraordinary evidence, or seeing this refuted. (The worst thing, I suppose, would be for this to turn out to be nothing, but that fact is then not given the attention this “extraordinary claim” may well receive.)
David