University of Tennessee, Knoxville, researchers have found that blue-green algae may be responsible for producing an estrogen-like compound in the environment which could disrupt the normal activity of reproductive hormones and adversely affect fish, plants and human health. Previously, human activities were thought solely responsible for producing these impacts.
Theodore Henry, an adjunct professor for UT Knoxville’s Center for Environmental Biotechnology and faculty at the University of Plymouth, and his colleagues looked into blue-green algae, or cyanobacteria, and their effects on zebrafish. They discovered the algae may add a new harmful element into the way they understand and investigate alga blooms in aquatic systems.
Using funding from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Ecology of Harmful Algal Blooms (ECOHAB), the scientists uncovered how exposure to the blue-green algae called Microcystis induced a response consistent with exposure to estrogen-like compounds in larval fish.
The research can be found in the article “Global Gene Expression Profiling in Larval Zebrafish Exposed to Microcystin-LR and Microcystis Reveals Endocrine Disrupting Effects of Cyanobacteria” in the American Chemical Society’s journal, Environmental Science & Technology.
Researchers compared groups of larval zebrafish exposed to Microcystis cells with those exposed to just the well-studied toxin they produce and found that only the fish in contact with the blue-green algal cells tested positive for a well-studied estrogenic biomarker. This led them to conclude the algal blooms were producing a previously unrecognized substance which is an estrogen-like compound that acts as an endocrine disruptor.
“The induction of these genes is consistent with presence of an estrogen and it is possible that many adverse affects may occur in fish populations,” said Henry, “from physical feminization of male fish to behavioral changes, increased environmental estrogen levels can impact male territorial defending and even their nest-building habit. Environmentally released estrogen has not been shown to affect reproduction, but studies are still being conducted on the subject.”
Possible human health effects include skin rashes, fever and liver damage. Henry and colleagues note that harmful blooms of toxin-producing algae occur in waters throughout the world and are a growing health and environmental concern. As a result, the scientists are calling for a revision of environmental monitoring programs to watch for these new substances.
Henry worked with Steven Wilhelm, professor of microbiology at UT Knoxville; Emily Rogers, a graduate student at UT Knoxville’s Center for Environmental Biotechnology and of the Department of Forestry, Wildlife and Fisheries; Michael Twiner of the University of Michigan-Dearborn; Julia Gouffon of UT Knoxville’s Affymetrix Core Facility; Jackson McPherson of UT Knoxville’s Center for Environmental Biotechnology; Gary Sayler, distinguished professor of microbiology at UT Knoxville; and Gregory Boyer of State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry.
NOAA is a federal agency focused on the condition of the oceans and the atmosphere. NOAA’s mission is to understand and predict changes in the Earth’s environment, from the depths of the ocean to the surface of the sun, and to conserve and manage coastal and marine resources.
