Don’t get him wrong: Fred Gittes is, in his words, “extremely squeamish.”
But then a scientist with forensics training told him that crime scene investigators could use a better way to analyze blood spatters. The physicist in Gittes rose to the challenge.
“It seems as though what was being done was very crude from a physics point of view and that intrigued me,” he says.
Along with Chris Varney, a doctoral candidate in physics, Gittes has worked out a system that can often determine exactly where blood spatters originate, a critical piece of evidence in not only solving a crime but securing a conviction. A paper on their research, demurely titled “Locating the Source of Projectile Fluid Droplets,” has now been accepted for publication in the American Journal of Physics and posted online.
Until now, investigators have been able to determine the direction a drop of blood has come from, with a stain’s elliptical shape practically pointing to it. They’ve even been able to nail down a source along a vertical line. But the tougher part is figuring out how high up the source was.
“I talked informally with a public defender and he said that it’s crucial to know the height because so often it’s a self-defense issue,” Gittes says. “A defendant may claim that a victim was standing rather than sitting. That’s a big deal, apparently.”
Gittes and Varney started tackling the problem with a clapper—two boards on a hinge that could be clapped over a liquid, producing a spatter from a known and measurable height and angle. To get a liquid with blood-like impact shapes, they tinkered with corn syrup, food coloring and a variety of sauces before settling on a blend of Ashanti chicken wing sauce and Ivory dish soap.
Most of the math they used is at about the level of first-semester college physics. We’ll spare you most of it, except to say they worked back from measurements of known spatters and sources and found that well known equations of projectile motion could be used to develop a formula giving them the height of a liquid’s origin.
They also realized that, plotted on a graph with x and y axes, data points on specific drops form a neat line when the formula is working correctly. If drops are launched from too wide a range of angles, the method won’t work and the data points won’t line up, preventing investigators from making a false conclusion.
Gittes says he is chiefly interested in the new approach as a teaching tool, and a WSU geologist has expressed an interest in using similar methods to study lava fountains and volcanic debris. Gittes says he is content to leave any forensic application to crime scene investigators. Besides, he is way too squeamish.
