Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) often find it difficult to look others in the eyes. This avoidance has typically been interpreted as a sign of social and personal indifference, but reports from people with autism suggests otherwise.
Many say that looking others in the eye is uncomfortable or stressful for them—some will even say that “it burns”—all of which points to a neurological cause.
Now, a team of Harvard Medical School investigators based at Massachusetts General Hospital has shed light on the brain mechanisms involved in this behavior. They published their findings in a Scientific Reports paper published online.
“The findings demonstrate that, contrary to what has been thought, the apparent lack of interpersonal interest among people with autism is not due to a lack of concern,” said Nouchine Hadjikhani, HMS associate professor of radiology at Mass General and corresponding author of the new study. “Rather, our results show that this behavior is a way to decrease an unpleasant excessive arousal stemming from over-activation in a particular part of the brain.”
The key to this research lies in the brain’s subcortical system, which is responsible for the natural orientation toward faces seen in newborns and is important later for emotion perception.
The subcortical system can be specifically activated by eye contact, and previous work by Hadjikhani and colleagues revealed that, among those with autism, it was oversensitive to effects elicited by direct gaze and emotional expression.
In the present study, she took that observation further, asking what happens when those with autism are compelled to look in the eyes of faces conveying different emotions.
Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), Hadjikhani and colleagues measured differences in activation within the face-processing components of the subcortical system in people with autism and in control participants as they viewed faces either freely or when constrained to viewing the eye-region.
While activation of these structures was similar for both groups exhibited during free viewing, over-activation was observed in participants with autism when concentrating on the eye-region. This was especially true with fearful faces, though similar effects were observed when viewing happy, angry and neutral faces.
The findings of the study support the hypothesis of an imbalance between the brain’s excitatory and inhibitory signaling networks in autism—excitatory refers to neurotransmitters that stimulate the brain; inhibitory refers to those that calm it and provide equilibrium.
Such an imbalance, likely the result of diverse genetic and environmental causes, can strengthen excitatory signaling in the subcortical circuitry involved in face perception. This in turn can result in an abnormal reaction to eye contact, an aversion to direct gaze and consequently abnormal development of the social brain.
In revealing the underlying reasons for eye-avoidance, the study also suggests more effective ways of engaging individuals with autism.
“The findings indicate that forcing children with autism to look into someone’s eyes in behavioral therapy may create a lot of anxiety for them,” said Hadjikhani, who is director of neurolimbic research at the Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging at Mass General.
“An approach involving slow habituation to eye contact may help them overcome this overreaction and be able to handle eye contact in the long run, thereby avoiding the cascading effects that this eye-avoidance has on the development of the social brain,” she added.
Hadjikhani is now seeking funding for a study that will use magnetoencephalography (MEG) together with eye-tracking and other behavioral tests to probe more deeply the relationship between the subcortical system and eye contact avoidance in autism.
The study was supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation (grant PP00P3-130191), Centre d’Imagerie BioMédicale of the University of Lausanne, Rossi Di Montalera Foundation, LifeWatch Foundation, AnnMarie and Per Ahlqvist Foundation, Torsten Söderberg Foundation and Swedish Science Council.
