The study follows one from 2019 showing the same mindfulness intervention reduced stress and depression in mothers, as well as improved their glucose tolerance and physical activity levels.
“We wanted to leverage that trial and follow the children of those mothers, so we could see if there was a second-generation impact,” said Noroña-Zhou.
While a previous study found that mothers who participated in a mindfulness intervention said their children’s behavior improved, it was not clear whether the intervention truly affected the children’s behavior or whether it simply made the mothers perceive it differently.
“What’s different about our study is we use a physiological marker of stress and recovery that can’t be biased by self-report, said Bush.
To elicit the infants’ stress response, mothers were trained in the “still face paradigm,” whereby the mothers played with their children for two minutes, then held a completely neutral facial expression for two minutes and ignored the babies’ bids for attention. They repeated the play-ignore cycle and ended with two minutes of play.
Using electrodes, the researchers collected measurements of the infants’ autonomic nervous system activity – the fight-or-flight and rest-and-digest responses – during the exercise. Trained observers, who were unaware of treatment status, also coded the infants’ behavior responses.
The fight-or-flight response of babies whose mothers had undergone the mindfulness program was more acute when they were being ignored by their mothers and also receded more quickly after the stressor went away than babies in the control group. The treatment-group babies engaged in more self-soothing behavior, such as sucking their thumbs and looking at their hands, as well.
“A strong reaction and quick recovery are healthy, because we want our bodies to be ready for action when something is wrong, then go back to normal easily,” Bush said. “The babies whose mothers did not receive the intervention had a more delayed response. They didn’t respond strongly until the threat had passed, and then they didn’t calm down easily after the threat was over.”
Existing research suggests the latter response may be correlated with behavior and mental health problems, high blood pressure, and obesity later in childhood and adulthood, Bush said. “The data aren’t strong enough yet to say that a signal in infancy is going to predict heart disease at age 50,” Bush said. “But there are enough data to reassure us this is at least a useful biomarker, and to keep following these children.”
Support for Two-Generation Approach
The team intentionally chose mothers for their research who had a high level of stress due to their life situations, including financial strain and health challenges, to ensure the intervention worked for those who might benefit from it the most, said Bush.
“We hope this kind of data can embolden policymakers and advocates to say, hey, this was an inexpensive, group-based intervention that reduced mothers’ depression and stress, and may improve babies’ long-term wellbeing at the same time” Bush said.
Such “two-generation” programs that address caregivers and children at the same time are becoming more popular in California. Last year’s state budget dedicated $800 million to creating a dyadic care benefit for Medi-Cal patients, which will allow caregivers and babies to be treated for behavioral health needs together. Home visiting programs, in which pregnant and new mothers receive visits from early childhood professionals who provide parenting guidance, is up for a proposed $50 million increase in the 2022-23 state budget.
Interest is also growing in maternal health, with Vice President Kamala Harris convening the nation’s first Maternal Health Day of Action in December 2021 and President Joe Biden issuing a presidential proclamation for Black Maternal Health Week in April 2021. The U.S. has the highest maternal death rate of all developed countries.
Researchers are increasingly addressing the perinatal period as well: A recent UCSF study, for example, found digital cognitive behavioral therapy in the prenatal period helped reduce insomnia during pregnancy, and ease depression and anxiety for mothers up to six months after birth.
“Pregnancy is an incredible window of opportunity for both mothers and babies,” said Bush. “We could, as a society, save a lot of money while doing the right thing for the next generation.”
Authors: In addition to Drs. Noroña-Zhou and Bush, UCSF co-authors are Michael Coccia, MS, Elissa Epel, PhD, and Nancy E. Adler, from the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, as well as Karen Jones-Mason, JD, PhD. All are affiliated with the Center for Health and Community and Weill Institutes for Neurosciences. Abbey Alkon, PhD, UCSF Department of Health Care Nursing, also co-authored. Additional authors and affiliations can be found in the paper.
Funding: This study was supported by the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute under award numbers U01 HL097973 and R01 HL116511, the Robert Wood Johnson Health and Society Scholars Program, the Lisa and John Pritzker Family Fund, the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences-National Institutes of Health (UCSF-CTSI UL1 TR000004), the Tauber Family Foundation, and the Lisa Stone Pritzker Family Foundation.
