Smokers tend to weigh less than non-smokers, but they may be hiding an unhealthy secret – extra belly fat that wraps around their organs. A new study published in the journal Addiction found that both starting smoking and smoking over a lifetime appear to increase abdominal fat, especially the deep visceral fat in the abdomen.
This visceral fat is harmful because it’s linked to higher risks of heart disease, diabetes, stroke, dementia and other serious illnesses. You can have a flat stomach on the outside but still pack unhealthy visceral fat on the inside.
Researchers from the University of Copenhagen used a technique called Mendelian randomization to determine if smoking actually causes the belly fat increase. This combined results from many genetic studies to find true causal links between smoking and abdominal fat distribution.
“This study found that starting to smoke and smoking over a lifetime might cause an increase in belly fat, as seen by measurements of waist-to-hip ratio,” said lead author Dr. Germán D. Carrasquilla. “In a further analysis, we also found that the type of fat that increases is more likely the visceral fat, rather than the fat just under the skin.”
The study design using genetics helped rule out other factors that could be skewing the results, such as socioeconomic status or alcohol use. “The influence of smoking on belly fat seems to happen regardless of other factors,” Dr. Carrasquilla explained.
From a public health perspective, the researchers say these findings reinforce how important it is to prevent smoking and help people quit. “Reducing one major health risk in the population will, indirectly, reduce another major health risk,” they stated.
The study pooled data from over 1.2 million smokers and 600,000 people with body measurements across large European ancestry genetic studies. The genetic factors linked to smoking habits were much more closely tied to increases in visceral fat around the organs compared to fat just under the skin.
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The irony of smoking to stay thin: smoking increases belly fat
The worry of gaining weight is a common excuse for smokers not to quit. A new study published today in the scientific journal Addiction has found that both starting smoking and lifetime smoking may increase abdominal fat, especially visceral fat: the unhealthy fat deep inside the abdomen that is linked to a higher risk of heart disease, diabetes, stroke, and dementia.
Smokers tend to have lower body weights than non-smokers, but they also have more abdominal fat, and more abdominal visceral fat. Visceral fat is hard to see; you can have a flat stomach and still have unhealthy amounts of it, raising your risk of serious illness. This new study offers supportive evidence that smoking may cause that type of fat to increase.
Researchers at the NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen used a form of statistical analysis called Mendelian randomization (MR) to determine whether smoking causes an increase in abdominal fat. MR combines the results from different genetic studies to look for causal relationships between an exposure (in this case, smoking) and outcome (increased abdominal fat). This new study combined multiple genetic results from European ancestry studies of smoking exposures and measures of body fat distribution (e.g., waist-hip ratio and waist and hip circumferences).
First, the researchers used previous genetic studies to identify which genes are linked to smoking habits and body fat distribution. Second, they used this genetic information to determine whether people with genes associated with smoking tend to have different body fat distributions. Finally, they accounted for other influences, such as alcohol consumption or socioeconomic background, to ensure that any connections they found between smoking and body fat distribution were truly due to smoking itself and not other factors.
Lead author Dr. Germán D. Carrasquilla explains: “This study found that starting to smoke and smoking over a lifetime might cause an increase in belly fat, as seen by measurements of waist-to-hip ratio. In a further analysis, we also found that the type of fat that increases is more likely the visceral fat, rather than the fat just under the skin.”
“Previous studies have been prone to confounding, which happens when an independent variable affects the results. Because our study design uses genetic variations, it does a better job of reducing or controlling for those variables. The influence of smoking on belly fat seems to happen regardless of other factors such as socioeconomic status, alcohol use, ADHD, or how much of a risk-taker someone is.”
“From a public health point of view, these findings reinforce the importance of large-scale efforts to prevent and reduce smoking in the general population, as this may also help to reduce abdominal visceral fat and all the chronic diseases that are related to it. Reducing one major health risk in the population will, indirectly, reduce another major health risk.”
The researchers determined that excess abdominal fat in smokers was predominantly visceral fat by studying how DNA variants linked to smoking habits and belly fat relate to fat compartments in different parts of the body. The key finding is that these genetic factors are more strongly linked to increased visceral adipose tissue—the deep fat that wraps around the abdominal organs—than to subcutaneous fat that is stored under the skin.
The two underlying European ancestry studies were large in scale: the smoking study looked at 1.2 million people who started smoking and over 450,000 lifetime smokers, and the body fat distribution study included over 600,000 people.
