punishment
Low-status leaders are ignored
People who are deemed social misfits or “losers” aren’t effective leaders, even if they are crusading for a cause that would benefit a larger group, according to new research from Rice University, the University of Texas and Universitat de Valencia….
Economic theory suggests symbiosis is driven by simple self-interest, not rewards or punishment
CAMBRIDGE, Mass., Sept. 1, 2010 — Applying employment contract theory to symbiosis, a new paper suggests mutually beneficial relationships are maintained by simple self-interest, with partners benefiting from healthy hosts much as employees benefit…